Advanced College Essay Nyu Samples Options

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Canada s Immigration And Refugee Protection Act - 1433 Words

Canada’s Immigration Policies: Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) determines whether or not someone is eligible to immigrate to Canada. There are 3 different sections of the policy, but in general, it factors in nationality, age, language ability, family members, education, work experience, and income. Within the different areas of the immigration policy, which are economic, family reunification, and refugee, there are more specific things looked at in applicants. In the economic area, applicants are rewarded points based on their level of education, ability to speak English and/or French, income, and previous work experience. The family reunification section includes spouses and children joining family members that are already living in Canada, or same-sex couples that are not legally married if there are restrictions in the country they are coming from. These immigrants have to provide proof and demonstrate that they are related to, married to, or in a committed relationship with the person they claim to be joining. A smaller portion of the immigrants coming to Canada are considered to be refugees. Refugees must be part of a humanitarian resettlement program, which is a Canadian program that helps people seeking protection outside of Canada with the help of international partners, or claim for asylum protection, which is where Canada provides protection for those who would be in danger if they returned to their own country. What kind of challengesShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence Against Immigrant And Refugee Women1050 Words   |  5 Pages4. How can Canada protect and welcome refugees and newcomers? How can domestic violence against immigrant and refugee women be prevented? Some of the ways Canada can protect and welcome and protect refugees by; Making the status in Canada secure- This means that Canada should make permanent residency open to all including migrant workers. They should not restrict the Permanent Residency to only those coming for high wage jobs. There should be a legislation and enforcement to protect them effectivelyRead MoreLiterature Review : Immigrants And Immigration Canada1583 Words   |  7 Pagescome to Canada, on average taking five-plus years to arrive here as permanent residents...I cannot tolerate a situation where they see people simply getting a plane ticket, arriving here, saying the magic word ‘refugee’, getting quasi-landed status, getting a work permit and/or welfare benefits. That is an insult to the millions of people who aspire to come to Canada legally.† Jason Kenny, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada (Kohler 2009, as cited in Caparini, 2010) In Canada, similarRead MoreIntegration Law Is Domestically Rooted927 Words   |  4 PagesFrance’s immigration policy shift to eliminate the process of automatic regularisation. One also has to prove that an immigrant has fully â€Å"integrated† into French society by adhering to the essential principles and values of the Republic. It is important to note that since the election of Francois Hollande into presidential office the focus of France’s immigration policy has dramatically changed. In 2014, Francois Hollande defended the idea of free movement towards France’s immigration policy andRead MoreLegal Research Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pages1. Which statue deals with issues related to citizenship in Canada? Provide its full citation. What is the full citation for the Regulation to this statute? 2. What is the best free, online source to find the full text of this statute and the associated regulations? What is the currency date of the statute (on that online source) as of the date you are submitting this assignment? 3. Was Maya a Canadian citizen at birth, or did her parents have to apply for her to become a Canadian citizenRead MorePublic Safety And Emergency Preparedness1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness to repeal provisions in the Citizenship Act that give the government the right to strip citizenship from dual nationals. Eliminate regulations that remove the credit provided to international students for half of the time that they spend in Canada and regulations that require new citizens to sign a declaration that they intend to reside in Canada. Trudeau also expects for McCallum to work close with the deputy minister and his or her seniorRead MoreEssay about Prejudice, Racism and the Law in Canada2343 Words   |  10 PagesRacism and the Law in Canada      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1900’s a prominent English scholar Gilbert Murray said: â€Å"There is in the world a hierarchy of races;[some] will direct and rule the others, and the lower work of the world will tend in the long run to be done by the lower breeds of men. This we of the ruling colour will no doubt accept as obvious.†(Walker; 1997) It was very true at the time; everywhere you looked you could see that white men assumed all roles of responsibility.   Canada has been fightingRead MoreFluctuation Of Immigration On Canada And The 20th Century What Are The Possible Factors?1500 Words   |  6 PagesFLUCTUATIONS OF IMMIGRATION TO CANADA IN THE 20th CENTURY WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE FACTORS? MADE BY: AAYUSHI SHAH STUDENT NO. : 300874124 Fluctuation of immigration to Canada in 20th century and what are possible factors? Firstly, what is immigration? Origin of the word immigration is from   [im-i-grey-shuh n] Definition of immigration: ImmigrationRead More Immigration Essay2387 Words   |  10 Pages Immigration Open the book You asked about...immigration and citizenship. Turn to page 2. quot;Immigration Canada aims to contribute to a stronger nation by: ... protecting refugees at home and abroadquot; (Immigration and Citizenship 2). Turn to page 5. quot;Immigration assesses immigrants...standards that do not discriminate on the basis of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion or sexquot; (Immigration and Citizenship 5). Disturbed? Turn to page 28. quot;Canada encouragesRead MoreRe : Jane s Asylum1742 Words   |  7 Pageswant to return to Canada to live with her father John, as she claims that he has physically abused he and with his employment with an independent French-Canadian state, Jane will be used as a propaganda tool for the separatist movement. Issues 1. Under U.S. Immigration Law, can her uncle Billy, who is a non-custodial relative, file a petition for asylum for his 14 year old niece Jane? 2. Can Jane a 14-year old minor, file her own petition for asylum under U.S. Immigration Law? 3. Can aRead MoreAustralian Immigration Essay2524 Words   |  11 Pagesthe first migrants being convicts transported from Britain between 1788 and 1840. Free immigrants began arriving in the 1790’s (Walsh: 2001) The Industrial revolution which caused wide spread poverty and unemployment in Britain, as well as the demand for workers in the wool industry in Australia enticed more free settlers to Australia, followed by the Gold rush in the 1850’s of which the largest group of immigrants were the Chinese. The bringing in of Polynesian labourers to work in the sugar plantations

Case Honest TEa free essay sample

The cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product. Economies of scale arise because of the inverse relationship between the quantity produced and per-unit fixed costs; i. e. the greater the quantity of a good produced, the lower the per-unit fixed cost because these costs are shared over a larger number of goods. Economies of scale may also reduce variable costs per unit because of operational efficiencies and synergies. Goldman (the founder of Honest Tea), justified the partnership with Coca Cola, stating that it will help Honest Tea spruce up distribution and reach more customers in US. He opined that greater reach would benefit organic farming and would have a positive impact on the environment. It would also incultate healthy drinking habits among the customers. We can distinguish several advanatages of the economies of scale: Fisrt of all, the more orders that the Honest Tea company recieves, the more savings it makes, as it will in turn get cheaper prices for the materials it needs to produce its drinks (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Honest TEa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. plastic, glass, sugar) as it will be buying them in larger quantities and receiving discounts, the manufacturing company in turn would give its customers cheaper prices for the more orders for drinks they make. Secondly, the economics of scale help Honest Tea to run they own brewery and bottle manufacturing plant. It gives the company independence and allow to run the whole manufacturing process without any intermediaries, what have immediate impact on the price reduction. Thirdly, massive production require increased supervision and obligation to fulfill specyfic criteria. Receiving certain certificates push the Honest Tea to run full natural and healthy production. Initially, only the few products were made by using full organic indegriends. In the end, the whole product range was full organic. It shows that economies of scale help the company improve the technology and reinforce their standards. The economies of scope: An economic theory stating that the average total cost of production decreases as a result of increasing the number of different goods produced. Economies of scope is different to economies of scale though there is same principle of larger firms benefiting from lower average costs. The Honest Tea firm uses it existing resources to diversify into related markets. The company has already produced few types of tea drinks. The Honest Tea used its marketing and distribution network to start producing more of different types of flavored tea drinks. Differentiation of new products help in several ways: First of all, it helps to decrease the average total cost of production as a result of increasing the number of different goods produced. Secondly, Honest tea runs a specyfic types of flavored beverages that are characteristic for particular regions of the world. Some such flavors were Kaschmiri chai, from Kashmir in India, where the tea was mixed with spices like cinamon, cardamon, orange peel or cloves. These iniciatives helped in propagating cultures and native art from across the world. Thirdly, Honest Tea introduced Haarlem Honeybush organic tea. This particular tea used a rare herb found only in the Cape Town province in South Africa. Honest Tea produced it from Haarlem, South Africa. It helped from a partnership with the community to develop subsistence farming. A portion of the revenues was shared with the farmers to help them expand and produce more of the ingredients. Lastly, Honest Tea bought the ingredients used in its beverages from small organic farms located across the world, at Fair Trade prices. The workers in the tea gardens benefited in terms of better wages due to Fair Trade practices. Those examples show that increasing the number of Honset Tea products line, not only affect on the average total cost of production. It also have a huge impact into sustainability practices. Whats more, differentiation of new products encourage youngest to buy new types of low calories drinks a great alternative for soft drinks which are one of the largest source of sugar in the American diet. The diseconomies that apply to Honest Tea prior to the Coca-Cola deal: After selling the equity stake, Honest Tea has come under the authority of Coca Cola. It gives the Honest Tea a huge advantage of scale and scope (that i have mentioned above) but it also comes up with some serious diseconomies. Honest tea has build it reputation over past decade on a commitment to healthy organic products, environmental quality, and social justice for its producers. Coca Cola was widely seen as a company with a track of record of environmental abuses and unethical practices in many countries where it operated. This conection has some negative influence on the pro-organic image of the company. In fact, it has immediate impact on the losing reliance of the company by the customers. Whats more, the Coca Cola bought the whole Honest Tea company in 2011 and control the production and brand of the Honest Tea.

Mark Mcgwire Trendmendous Success Essays - Chicago Cubs,

Mark Mcgwire Trendmendous Success Mark McGwire's Tremendous Success Mark McGwire is one of the most electrifying figures in sports today. This six-foot five inch, two hundred and fifty pound monster is a man on a mission. McGwire's mission began when he went on to play high school baseball for Damien High School in Claremont. After high school McGwire attend the University of Southern California to play college baseball. McGwire would then go on to break a few home run records while at USC. The great work he did in USC earned him a spot on the US Olympic baseball team in 1984. This would be the beginning of a successful career. From there, McGwire became the tenth pick in the first round and signed with the Oakland Athletics. In McGwire's first year with the Oakland A's he became Rookie of the Year. Whether hitting home runs on the field or working with children, Mark proves he is dedicated, successful, and one of baseball's most popular players to watch. Whenever people walk into a ballpark to watch Mark McGwire on the field, people can believe he is a dedicated player to the game of baseball. McGwire has had much success because of all the hard practicing he does to get better each day. McGwire's dedication came ?when Coach Stanley hit ground balls to McGwire, he tried to hit them hard enough that it would hit McGwire on either the wrist or the shin? (Rains 61). I believe the long hours of taking ground balls helped him become one of the best fielding first baseman and earned McGwire a few Gold Glove Awards during his career. McGwire has also shown his dedication ?when McGwire took countless ground balls on a patch of rocky ground, trying to practice some of the bad hops and unusual bounces? (Rains 62). Without a question McGwire was determined to work hard on his fielding. When McGwire wasn't fielding ground balls, he would be practicing his swing during batting practice. McGwire would make his adjustments in batting practice to find his right stance to hit a home run. Many players don't take the time to work on their stance to become a better hitter like McGwire does, which is why I think he has shown much dedication in hitting the big home run. McGwire has also shown a dedication off the field by setting up his own foundations. ?The Mark McGwire Foundation for Children is a foundation he has committed three million dollar of his salary to help physically and sexually abused children? (McGregor 1). McGwire shows how important kids are to him by signing autographs for his fans and by working with abused kids who need a role model to help them. This also shows McGwire has become a public figure for what he has done for his community off the field. With his busy schedule McGwire said, ?He wants to help people? (Reily 45). That's why I believe McGwire is such a dedicated player not just on the field but also off the field with his foundation. Finally to prove McGwire is such a dedicated player is when McGwire comes to the ballpark early to sign baseballs, hats, and cards for fans who await his arrival to the stadium and even after the game McGwire finds time to make his fans happy. As McGwire continues his success in baseball it all comes down to the hard dedication he puts during practice to be one of the best ball player of all time. Mark McGwire has been a successful player throughout his career with Oakland and St. Louis. McGwire has become a successful by hitting home runs. His recent success came two months ago on September 8, 1998 when McGwire broke Roger Maris' single season home run record of sixty-one homers. It wasn't one of his long homers either; however, it barely cleared the 330 foot fence. McGwire also set the home run record for rookies at forty-nine homers in 1987. When McGwire steps into the batters box he is feared by pitchers and by coaches. McGwire has set all kinds of records since his college years at USC. McGwire is also the first player in his first four years to hit thirty of more homers in each season. Mark has also been proven to be one the most successful players of all time with his great achievements he has had throughout his career. In 1995 McGwire led the Major League for average home run distance with 418 feet. McGwire has also hit homers that have gone 538 feet long. McGwire is a serious man when

Last Names or Surnames in Spanish

Last Names or Surnames in Spanish Last names, or surnames, in Spanish arent treated the same way as they are in English. The differing practices can be confusing for someone unfamiliar with Spanish, but the Spanish way of doing things has been around for hundreds of years. Traditionally, if John Smith and Nancy Jones (who live in an English-speaking country) get married and have a child, the child would end  up with a name such as Paul Smith or Barbara Smith. But its not the same in most areas where Spanish is spoken as the native language. If Juan Là ³pez Marcos marries Marà ­a Covas Callas, their child would end up with a name such as Mario Là ³pez Covas or Katarina Là ³pez Covas. How Do Spanish Last Names Work? Confused? Theres a logic to it all, but the confusion comes mostly because the Spanish surname method is different than what youre used to. Although there are numerous variations of how names are handled, just as there can be in English, the basic rule of Spanish names is fairly simple: In general, a person born into a Spanish-speaking family is given a first name followed by two surnames, the first being the fathers family name (or, more precisely, the surname he gained from his father) followed by the mothers family name (or, again more precisely, the surname she gained from her father). In a sense, then, native Spanish speakers are born with two last names. Take as an example the name of Teresa Garcà ­a Ramà ­rez. Teresa is the name given at birth, Garcà ­a is the family name from her father, and Ramà ­rez is the family name from her mother. If Teresa Garcà ­a Ramà ­rez marries Elà ­ Arroyo Là ³pez, she doesnt change her name. But in popular usage, it would be extremely common for her to add de Arroyo (literally, of Arroyo), making her Teresa Garcà ­a Ramà ­rez de Arroyo. Sometimes, the two surnames can be separated by y (meaning and), although this is less common than it used to be. The name the husband uses would be Elà ­ Arroyo y Là ³pez. You may see names that are even longer. Although it isnt done much, at least formally, it is possible also to include grandparents names in the mix. If the full name is shortened, usually the second surname name is dropped. For example, Mexican President Enrique Peà ±a Nieto is often referred to by his countrys news media simply as Peà ±a when he is mentioned a second time. Things can get a bit complicated for Spanish-speaking people living in places such as the United States, where it is not the norm to use two family names. One choice many make is for all family members to use the fathers paternal family name. Also quite common is to hyphenate the two names, e.g., Elà ­ Arroyo-Là ³pez and Teresa Garcà ­a-Ramà ­rez. Couples who have been in the United States a long time, particularly if they speak English, are more likely to give their children the fathers name, following the dominant U.S. pattern. But practices vary. The practice of a person being given two family names became the custom in Spain largely because of Arabic influence. The custom spread to the Americas during the years of Spanish Conquest. Spanish and Mexican Last Names With Celebrities You can see how Spanish  names are constructed by looking at the names of several famous people born in Spanish-speaking countries. Fathers names are listed first: The full name of singer Shakira is Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll. She is the daughter of William Mebarak Chadid and Nidia del Carmen Ripoll Torrado.The full name of actress Salma Hayek is Salma Hayek Jimà ©nez. She is the daughter of Sami Hayek Domà ­nguez and Diana Jimà ©nez Medina.The full name of actress Penà ©lope Cruz is Penà ©lope Cruz Snchez. She is the daughter of Eduardo Cruz and Encarnacià ³n Snchez.The full name of Cuban President Raà ºl Castro is Raà ºl Modesto Castro Ruz. He is the son of ngel Castro Argiz and Lina Ruz Gonzlez.The full name of pop singer Enrique Iglesias is Enrique Iglesias Preysler. He is the son of Julio Josà © Iglesias de la Cueva and Marà ­a Isabel Preysler Arrastia.The full name of Mexican-Puerto Rican  singer Luis Miguel is Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri. He is the son of Luis Gallego Sanchez and Marcela Basteri.The full name of Venezuelan President Nicols Maduro is Nicols Maduro Moro. He is the son of Nicols Maduro Garcà ­a and Teresa de Jesà ºs Moro.The full name of singer and actor Rubà ©n Blades is Rubà ©n Blades Bellido de Luna. He is the son of Rubà ©n Darà ­o Blades and Anoland Dà ­az Bellido de Luna.

15 Smile Quotes to Improve Your Face Value

15 Smile Quotes to Improve Your Face Value Every morning, the newspapers bombard us with stories of death, destruction, and agitation. On a rare occasion, we read news that brings optimism and hope. Why should we begin our day reading morose news that builds on our frustrations? Lets begin our day with a smile. Smile. It is a simple act, but sometimes takes a lot of effort. Why dont we smile more often? Is it too tough to smile? The answer lies in our attitude towards life.  If we are more accepting of situations, we will be able to smile more easily. A smile can do wonders. Start your day smiling and see how the magic begins to work. People smile back at you; you feel happier, and you also make others happier. Sounds simple, right? Yet, we forget to smile. If you want a smile on your face, read these  fun quotes. It’s the best way to bring some fun into your life and start smiling. A smile can improve your looks and makes others find you pleasant, but apart from these obvious benefits, smiling has many more advantages: A Smile Makes You Look and Feel Younger A smile is an outward expression of a happy person. A positive attitude releases the right neurotransmitters and makes you feel and look young. It is a well known fact that happy hormones retard the aging process. Smiles Can Patch up Problems and Make Them Go Away Of course, the smile has to be a genuine one, not a wicked, sly grin. If you want to say sorry, sometimes an apologetic smile can suffice. Want to break ice in a new group? Smile! You will usually find others responding with a smile. Have you fought with your girlfriend, but dont want to stay mad? Smile and let go of your pent up anger. Smiles Bring in Business All sales people are taught to smile and befriend their customers. A smiling salesperson opens more doors to business than an unsmiling one. Likewise, if you are presenting to a delegate of buyers or dealers, a smile will improve your presentation manifold. Use your smile as an ultimate business tool to generate revenue. Pets Will Love You More If You Smile New research has shown that dogs are able to understand human smiles as a positive. They can look into a human face and decipher whether the face is smiling or frowning and what that means. Pets connect with humans on an emotional level. So the more you smile, the more your dog will love you. A Smile Can Spell the Beginning of a Great Relationship Like that girl in the neighborhood? Why dont you begin your friendship with a smile? Work on your facial curves and win her heart with your handsome smiles. Be generous when it comes to smiling. A smile is all it takes for love to blossom. Dont look for the best pickup lines, or a perfect way to say, I love you. A smile can say it all. Quotes on Smiling Read these quotes that teach you to smile.  As  Martin Charnin said, Youre never fully dressed without a smile. Phyllis DillerA smile is a curve that sets everything straight. Charles GordyA smile is an inexpensive way to change your looks. John Ray Beauty is power; a smile is its sword. Jim Beggs Before you put on a frown, make absolutely sure there are no smiles available. Mae West Dont cry for a man who has left you, the next one may fall for your smile. Mother Teresa Every time you smile at someone, it is an action of love, a gift to that person, a beautiful thing. George Carlin If a man smiles all the time, hes probably selling something that doesnt work. Maya Angelou If you have only one smile in you, give it to the people you love. Dont be surly at home, then go out in the street and start grinning Good morning at total strangers. Andy Rooney If you smile when no one else is around, you really mean it. Lee Mildon People seldom notice old clothes if you wear a big smile. Walter Anderson Smile. Have you ever noticed how easily puppies make human friends? Yet all they do is wag their tails and fall over. William Shakespeare The robbd that smiles, steals something from the thief. Leo Buscaglia Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest compliment, or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the potential to turn a life around. George Eliot Wear a smile and have friends; wear a scowl and have wrinkles. Mark Twain Wrinkles should merely indicate where smiles have been.

Merits of Vendor Managed Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Merits of Vendor Managed Inventory - Essay Example Green Chilly faces a number of problems particularly in the stocking of items and staffing. These problems are usually caused by the country’s holiday season and the weather conditions. The two factors play a crucial role in the determination of customer preferences. The problems affecting the operations of Green Chilly can be addressed using a number of techniques. It is vital to consider the merits, demerits and risks of the techniques with respect to the problems facing Green Chilly. The four techniques that will be applied to the problems are vendor managed inventory, ABC analysis, supply scheduling and e-procurement. Activity based costing or ABC analysis is a supply chain method that allocates direct expenses and overhead to the essential activities of a business. The analysis enables businesses, managers and owners to define their areas of sales or manufacturing that can generate maximum profits. Inventories in Class A account for 80 percent of the revenue while inventories in Class B and C account for 15 and 5 percent of the revenues respectively. ABC analysis is a vital business tools that is effectively employed in the management of materials. Class A items are tightly controlled and managed using accurate records, while Class B items are less tightly controlled. However, they are managed using good records. Class C items are easy to control and manage using minimal records (Gudehus & Kotzab, 2012, p. 69). The approach provides a mechanism for the identification of items that have significant impacts on the overall inventory cost. It accomplishes this function while providing mechanisms for the identification of different groups of stock that need different controls and management. The approach provides improved controls of high priority inventory.

Destination Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Destination Management - Coursework Example The interface between sex tourism and business developments offer an unlimited point of reference and this provides total development of the sector. (Hughes, 5) There is growing access to cities, beaches and a host of places which were thought to be very unproductive. There is abundance of benefits that sex tourism brings and this is fully dependent on the community’s perception and the political landscape. The international travel facilitates sex tourism across popular destinations. Further, there are various places that are actively involved in promoting sex tourism and this offers specific reason why you should embrace all that it offers. While examining the reasons why sex tourism is gaining ground, you should look at beliefs and tradition and how it provides stimulus to the economy. As such, the process of tourism development is truly dependent on what many people expect, including the changing trend in woman’s understanding of sex. (Ritcher, 1) Tourism classification according to ethnicity provides a focus for people to forely understand and define the levels of fulfilling tourism trends. Ethnic group’s participation in tourism activities would be classified according to holiday-taking experiences and this when compared to white population; the results demonstrate a huge margin. Many factors influence minority groups and this hugely explain why their tourism levels are low. Most importantly, it is thought that most of these groups get minimal earnings and this is comparatively low and well below the required scale. Further, there is a remarkable higher unemployment rate among these groups. The relevance of employment among the minority has taken a big trend and this brings about a negative impact on their financial positions. There are several cases of poor living conditions and which are not attractive and which do not provide for adequate support for their outings and general touring.

P.E Footballers Programme Essay Example for Free

P.E Footballers Programme Essay The aim of the fitness programme is to improve aerobic fitness (cardiovascular) A footballer requires cardiovascular fitness to maintain a high level of fitness when competing for the full duration of a game-90 minutes, a footballer must maintain a constant and prolonged level of effort and work from start to finish. A high stamina level also helps with the game this is highly important to a footballer because if the cardiovascular performance is not at a high level the overall performance levels will decrease before the 90 minutes is up, to ensure this does not happen this programme designed for a footballer will hopefully increase the cardiovascular fitness levels and make a 90 minute match an easy work out. To show the comparisons between fitness levels before the programme compared to afterwards my 12-minute cooper run will be looked at and evaluations made to back up the other evidence for my fitness programme. If my cooper run results improve after the 2nd attempt, I will need to give reasons why as with if my results are below my expectations of improvement. In addition if between now and the dates of the fitness tests I receive an injury this will be taken into consideration, also alongside this at this moment in time my fitness level to begin with will not be at its peak due to the football season having just started, however as before this programme is designed especially to improve a footballers fitness within a specific period. I shall try to improve on my first score this will show that I am following a progressive overload during my training Throughout the programme there are a few key safety issues that need to be considered, these include ensuring the equipment used is safe and correctly spaced out, for example during the circuit training section all of the bases with an individual activity will need enough space to ensure the task can be completed safely with no hazards concerning the positioning of equipment. At the same time the correct clothing must be warn so that there is no risk of injury towards other people and yourself. With some of the activities like the continuous training and the fartlek training the weather must be monitored to make sure that when sprinting for example the surface is not wet and slippery and the point of take off when running needs to be chose carefully on the correct surface and not when running around a corner but perhaps on a straight. All of these must be looked at so that each method of training can be completed successfully. The final thing that could be looked at is if I have any injuries when attempting one of the three areas continuous, fartlek or circuit maybe I shouldnt push myself past the limit but still complete the exercises to prove my willingness and commitment. Each one of the areas within the programme will contribute towards an improvement in fitness levels, the continuous training will provide overload as your body is experiencing more running than before and will become used to that level of working out, the circuit training will help in all aspects of fitness as every part of the body is improving and your stamina levels are constantly rising because of this, the fartlek part gives a variety of sprints, jogs and walks which when referring to the S.P.O.R training principle gives specifity and also contributes to the gradual increase in fitness. Cardiovascular fitness is also known as cardiovascular stamina aerobic power or aerobic capacity, it is the ability of the heart and lungs to transport oxygen to the working muscles as quickly as possible when exercising. Therefore before I start I must determine my current level of cardiovascular fitness. For this training programme I will complete all 3 of the areas fartlek, continuous and circuit to ensure the principles of training are covered and I achieve maximum improvement through this. Cooper run The cooper run consists of a 12 minute run around a 100 meter square circuit the idea for improvement in fitness is to achieve as many laps as possible within the time allowed, if on the first attempt I achieved 25 laps to say I have been successful and Improved my cardiovascular fitness the 2nd attempt at the end of the programme should see a clear difference in the two amounts of laps. To ensure I complete it properly I will stretch before the run and cool down afterwards to ensure my muscles are warmed up and will not be damaged when I start the run. In this test I must run as far as I am able to within the 12 minutes allowed even if I need to slow down it is important to continue moving so my amount of laps will not be affected. It is a maximal test that measures aerobic capacity (i.e.-must cover as much ground as possible in the time allowed) my fitness level is established according to the distance run to the established norms for the test. To complete the test properly I will require the following equipment.

Has The Information Revolution Benifited Society Essay -- essays resea

The Revolution There is a revolution taking place all over the world. There is no blood shed in this revolution. It is the revolution of information. The information revolution has been taking place for decades, but only know do we fully realize the impact it has had and will have. The benefits of this revolution have changed how are society works, plays, and lives. These changes have brought many benefits to society and are still bringing benefits. James Snider’s argument that the information revolution will be the down fall of the environment is fundamentally flawed. All of his justifications are could happens that are not supported. He even states that all of the major environmentally clubs don’t consider the information revolution as a threat. If the "tree hugger’s" don’t consider the information revolution a menace, why should we. On the other hand, John Mayo offers a very realistic and viable argument for the information revolution. Mayo offers many good examples of how the information revolution has benefited society. He also offers many predictions for the future. Both Snider and Mayo have many good arguments, some better then others, that I will discuss and analyze. I will show how the information revolution as benefited society and will continue to benefit society. I will also describe the arguments against the information revolution, and state how the argument is flawed. The greatest benefit of the information revolution is that know for the first time in history every person has the ability to obtain the latest information instantly. When people are informed, they have power, because knowledge is power. With knowledge, people can make much more informed decisions. They know and understand what’s happening in the world around them. Back in the eight-teen hundreds, many people did not know for months who was elected President of the United States. Now a days everyone knows who is running and who wins thanks to the information revolution. The information revolution has also brought about the formation of the information superhighway. The information superhighway is a seamless network of computers and databases were anyone, anytime, and anywhere can access limitless information. The inform... ... like the University of Maryland has such a rule in place. The University of Michigan and Michigan State University are two colleges considering implementing such rules. What kind of message are these colleges sending to there students. They are saying you can’t control yourself and you are an addict. We are going to save you from yourself because we know what is best for you. Last I checked, most every one who attends college is an adult, and in America adults have the right to make their own choices. If a person wants to spend 12 hours a day on the Internet, so be it. As long as their grades are not suffering because of it, what business is it of the schools. They are all adults. Let them make their own decisions. Information, what a powerful tool. It can cause plants to shift or an atom to split. The information revolution has created so many benefits for society that far out weigh the problems it creates. The information revolution is going to occur no matter what anyone says. You can either embrace the revolution or be run over by it. I prefer to embrace it, because it has giving me so much and will continue to influence my life for the better.

Assessments for Early Childhood Programs Essay

William J. Wilson once said, â€Å"The person who scored well on an SAT will not necessarily be the best doctor or the best lawyer or the best businessman. These tests do not measure character, leadership, creativity, or perseverance†. Why do we test students? What is the purpose of assessments? Do these tests and assessments benefit the students? These are questions educators have been asking for years. It is impossible for one to determine a child’s academic abilities based solely on a test. Yet there still needs to be some form of assessments performed in order to evaluate the academic level each student has reached. But how much assessing is too much? How heavily do educators rely on the results of these assessments? The main issues, when it comes to assessing early childhood students, are the consequences of the assessment results and how they affect the child. According to The National Academies of Sciences, there are two key principles that support the success of assessment. The first is that the purpose of an assessment should be a guide for assessment decisions. The purpose for any assessment must be determined and clearly communicated to all stake- holders before the assessment is designed or implemented. Most important, assessment designed for programs should not be used to assess individual children. Because different purposes require different kinds of assessments, the purpose should drive assessment design and implementation decisions† (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). The second principle is that any assessment performed should be completed in a â€Å"coherent system of health, educational, and family support services that promote optimal development for all children. Assessment should be an integral part of a coherent system of early childhood care and education that includes a range of services and resources† (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These two principles explain the main purpose of why assessing is important and how assessments should be conducted. After having an understanding of the purpose of assessments, why is it so important to begin evaluations at such a young age? What is the purpose of evaluating infants and toddlers? Author Sue Wortham explains evaluating toddlers and infants determine whether the child is developing normally or if they show any signs of delay and need assistance. All in all, the main purpose of assessment is to benefit the child (Wortham, p. 32). The NAEYC believes that during a child’s early years, evaluating and assessing their development should be the primary focus. They want to study how young children grown and learn. All the â€Å"results of assessment are used to inform the planning and implementation of experiences, to communicate with the child’s family, and to evaluate and improve teachers’ and program’s effectiveness† (Wortham, p. 4). Teachers also use assessment results to in order to plan their curriculum accordingly. So exactly do assessments search for? Assessments look not only for what the child is already capable of doing independently but also what they can do with the help of a teacher or another student (Wortham, p. 35). So how are they assessed exactly? There are many different assessments given to children across the U. S. everyday. These may be administered orally or as written works, such as questionnaires, surveys, or tests. These may include: standardized tests, observations, checklists, rating scales, rubrics, interviews, or portfolios. Each of these serve a different purpose in order to give different pieces of information needed to evaluate the child in question. Standardized tests, though many disagree with them, are meant to measure individual characteristics. Observations, on the other hand, are one of the most effective ways to measure students’ characteristics. When children are young, it can be hard at times to determine if there are any developmental delays (Wortham, p. 39). Developmental checklists, or scopes, are mainly used at all levels of education. These checklists are lists of the learning objectives that have been established by the teacher in order to keep track of their learning and development. Items on a checklist are rated with a negative or positive response from the teacher. Rating scales, unlike checklists, provide measurement on a continuum and are used when a collection of criteria is needed to attain specific information. Another form of assessment teachers commonly use is Rubrics. Rubrics were created to â€Å"evaluate authentic and performance assessments† (Wortham, p. 41). Rubrics, like rating scales, have a range of criteria that must be met. However, unlike rating scales, rubrics can be used to not only determine the quality of performance required, but are also used to assign grades. Rubrics make it easy for students to understand what is expected and is makes it easier for teachers to grade assignments. The final types of assessments that are most frequently used are performance and portfolio assessments. These evaluations might be administered through interviews given directly by the teacher in order to understand the child’s thinking and understanding (Wortham, p. 41). Teachers may present these evaluations through directed assignments, activities, or games. The performance results are typically kept in a student or teacher portfolio. These portfolios contain samples of student’s work and are used as a sort of progress report card. Keeping detailed reports of student’s work in the portfolios help teachers keep track of their student’s progress and help determine which areas of learning are lacking attention (Wortham, p. 41). Overall, according to Wortham, these tests, whether administered to an individual child or a group of students, are meant to determine a student’s â€Å"abilities, achievements, aptitudes, interests, attitudes, values, and personality characteristics† (Wortham, p. 9). Now having an understanding of the different types of assessments used to evaluate students and the purpose, let us turn to the negative and positive effects of these evaluations. It is crucial for educators to administer tests and evaluations carefully, because it they are poorly articulated, it can lead to decisions that are unfair or unclear, and they may do harm to programs, teachers, and, most importantly, children (Snow, C. E. & Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 341-342). Evaluations and assessments are not meant to punish a child, and therefore, should never be overseen lightly. It is important that the information gathered outweighs any negative effects. Editors of Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, and How, Catherine E. Snow and Susan B. Van Hemel, explain that â€Å"although the same measure may be used for more than one purpose, prior consideration of all potential purposes is essential, as is careful analysis of the actual content of the assessment instrument. Direct examination of the assessment items is important because the title of a measure does not always reflect the content† (Snow, C. E. & Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 346). So what are some negative effects? Negative consequences of assessment findings may include program de-funding, closing a center, firing a teacher, mislabeling a child, or a reduction in program resources (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These effects, such as mislabeling a student, can follow students for the rest of their education career. Once a child is entered into a program, it can be difficult at time for teachers to look past that label. Children all develop at different his or her own pace. No one child will develop and learn the same way as another child. They all grow up and develop at different stages. Yet educational theorists have been able to observed and gather enough information to conclude that children, if divided in age groups, do tend to follow a certain development pattern. The problem is, it is hard to determine which children are the outliers in these results without carefully administering proper assessments. Assessments are not used to necessarily judge student or punish them. Their main purpose is to help students, teachers, and parents. So what are some positive effects of assessment and evaluations? Students that benefit from assessments and evaluations are those that are properly observed and tested. Teachers also benefit from the use of assessments because it helps them create an appropriate curriculum for their students. Evaluating children at a young age can have a positive effect if a delay or disability is in fact found, and because it was caught early, the student has a better chance of exceeding their potential in school. Catching developmental delays or disabilities at a young age is the same as finding cancer at an early stage in the sense that the earlier the cancer is found; the chances of survival are greater. Assessment results are used to plan for instruction, evaluate instructional programs, and report student progress. These are all positive results of assessments. Without the results of assessments and test, how can educators determine what to teach their students? Evaluations, if planned and administered properly, can be more beneficial than harmful. Unfortunately, not all teachers evaluate children fairly or appropriately. So it is important for parents to stay involved in their children’s education in the event that the results of an evaluation do not match the potential of their child. Parents should know the norms and abnormalities of their child’s behavior. Therefore, it is always beneficial to the child for parents and teachers to communicate. This way if a child is acting up in class, and the teacher notifies the parent, the parent may confirm any fears right away by simply saying, â€Å"that isn’t like him† or â€Å"he’s just nervous†. Avoiding drastic measures and not jumping to conclusions is the proper way to evaluate a child fairly. What are the predicted long-term benefits to Early Childhood Assessments? Are assessments and student evaluations accurate? Should teachers be required to assess and evaluate students as much as they already do? These are just a few of the questions that plagued educators for years. Too much assessing has placed so much pressure on students and teachers, inevitably taking away a child’s desire to learn for the sake of learning. The purpose of assessments and evaluations is a great concept, but placing too much pressure and emphasis on the test results is tainting the original purpose of learning.

Perception is reality! Oh really?

A couple of years ago, I witnessed what I thought was a man having trouble getting into his car. There was a man that must have been in his mid 60's tugging on his door handle to his car. I watched him try to fit his arm into a small opening in the widow on the passenger side of the car. Because of the age of this man, it never entered my mind that this man was trying to break into this car to steal it. Another thing that didn't fit the profile of a car thief was the way the man was dressed. He was dressed in a sports jacket and was wearing fairly decent trousers with nice shoes. I walked over to the man and asked him if there was anything I could help him with or if he needed to call someone. He told me he did not have a cell phone, so I offered the use of mine. The man declined saying he just bought the car a couple of weeks ago, and had not had a chance to get a spare key made. He was in the parking lot where I worked at, so I asked him if there was someone he knew inside the building that could give him a ride to the dealership where he bought the car from, and once again he declined by saying he had just stopped by to fill out an application. I asked him again if there was anything I could help him with because I didn't want to leave him just standing there helpless not able to get into his, and again he declined respectfully but started to sound irritated because of my repeated offers. I went back inside and stopped by the coffee machine for some coffee and started dwelling on this poor man. As I was walking back to my desk, I glanced out the window and saw him looking around as he continued to fit his arm in the window by pulling his sleeves up. I walked over to the receptionist and asked her what position the man had applied for, and she looked at me asking me what man I was talking about. I described him to her and told her I had just spoken to him in the parking lot to offer him help because he had either lost or locked his keys in the car. She had no idea who I was talking about, which I thought was strange, because she is the one that hands out applications. I walked over to the window and looked outside again to see if the man had gotten into his car yet. He was still there so I pointed the man out to the receptionist the man over by the white two door cavalier. After I pointed him out, the receptionist told me the man had came in the building to use the restroom, not fill out an application. I started to walk back to my desk but started to have an uneasy feeling about this man. I know what everyone in the office drives due to working late at night, and a bunch of us walk to our cars together. I went over to the electronic pre-press department and asked the supervisor if he knew anyone that drove a white two door cavalier, and he told me his proof-reader drives one. I told him about the man trying to get into a white two door cavalier outside. The supervisor ran over to the person that had a car fitting that description and told him. The employee ran to the window and told us that was his car. Two of our employees ran outside to stop the older man, but he had broken the driver side window and was pulling out of the parking lot. During this five minute time frame, someone had called the police and the man was stopped about a half of a mile down the road, but hit one of the police cars before stopping and did a lot of damage to the car. I have never felt so bad. If I had not let the man's appearance fool me, I might have been able to prevent the whole thing from happening, but then again, had I not questioned the receptionist and supervisor, the car would have been long gone. I learned basically; don't judge a book by its cover. Now when I see someone that is not familiar in the parking lot when I'm outside, or when I see someone in our building that I don't know, I ask the receptionist. Our division did not have very strict rules before of people coming in and out of the building, but now we have a guest sign in sheet and the nature of their business. This may not stop someone from trying to do this again, but then again it just might.

Free Essays on Foregin Exchange Risk

Executive Summary Foreign exchange (FX) risk is the risk that profits will change if FX rates change. FX risks present complicated transfer pricing issues. Under today’s system of floating FX rates, currencies often move dramatically over short periods. In one two-day period in 1998 the yen/U.S. dollar exchange rate moved nearly 20 percent. Empirical studies demonstrate that FX volatility can significantly affect companies’ profits. Multinational businesses face several types of FX risk, including financial, translational, transactional and economic FX risk. We focus here on economic risk, also known as operational or competitive FX risk. Economic risk arises, for example, when a multinational business incurs costs in one currency and generates sales in another. Profits may decrease if the cost currency appreciates against the sales currency. Under today’s system of floating FX rates, currencies often move dramatically over short periods. In one two-day period in 1998 the yen/U.S. dollar exchange rate moved nearly 20 percent. Empirical studies demonstrate that FX volatility can significantly affect companies’ profits. Multinational businesses face several types of FX risk, including financial, translational, transactional and economic FX risk. We focus here on economic risk, also known as operational or competitive FX risk. Economic risk arises, for example, when a multinational business incurs costs in one currency and generates sales in another. Profits may decrease if the cost currency appreciates against the sales currency. FX risk could affect Multinational businesses competitive position in the following ways: - Initial loss of sales as lower-priced Japanese products enter the market. - Reduced gross margins after reducing prices to compete with the Japanese products; and - Further loss of sales if Acme’s cost structure prevents it from matching prices for the Japanese products Background on... Free Essays on Foregin Exchange Risk Free Essays on Foregin Exchange Risk Executive Summary Foreign exchange (FX) risk is the risk that profits will change if FX rates change. FX risks present complicated transfer pricing issues. Under today’s system of floating FX rates, currencies often move dramatically over short periods. In one two-day period in 1998 the yen/U.S. dollar exchange rate moved nearly 20 percent. Empirical studies demonstrate that FX volatility can significantly affect companies’ profits. Multinational businesses face several types of FX risk, including financial, translational, transactional and economic FX risk. We focus here on economic risk, also known as operational or competitive FX risk. Economic risk arises, for example, when a multinational business incurs costs in one currency and generates sales in another. Profits may decrease if the cost currency appreciates against the sales currency. Under today’s system of floating FX rates, currencies often move dramatically over short periods. In one two-day period in 1998 the yen/U.S. dollar exchange rate moved nearly 20 percent. Empirical studies demonstrate that FX volatility can significantly affect companies’ profits. Multinational businesses face several types of FX risk, including financial, translational, transactional and economic FX risk. We focus here on economic risk, also known as operational or competitive FX risk. Economic risk arises, for example, when a multinational business incurs costs in one currency and generates sales in another. Profits may decrease if the cost currency appreciates against the sales currency. FX risk could affect Multinational businesses competitive position in the following ways: - Initial loss of sales as lower-priced Japanese products enter the market. - Reduced gross margins after reducing prices to compete with the Japanese products; and - Further loss of sales if Acme’s cost structure prevents it from matching prices for the Japanese products Background on...

The Beautiful, the Sublime, and the Picturesque

The Beautiful, the Sublime, and the Picturesque The beautiful, the sublime, and the picturesque are three key concepts in aesthetics and philosophy of art. Together, they help to map the variety of aesthetically significant experiences. The differentiation among the three concepts took place in seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds, and is still to these days of some significance, despite the difficulty in pinning down each of the three concepts. The Beautiful The beautiful is a widely employed term, referring typically to aesthetic experiences that are pleasing, while to some extent transcending preferences and needs that are specific to an individual. That is, the experience of something beautiful will please a subject for reasons that reach beyond the subjective inclinations of the subject and that can be experienced also by many - some maintain all - other subjects. It is debated whether the appreciation of beauty rests primarily on a sensory experience of an object of an event, as empiricists maintain, or rather on an appreciation of the object or event that requires understanding, as rationalists maintain. The Sublime The sublime, on the other hand, is a transformative experience typically associated with some negative pleasure and elicited by the encounter of an object or situation whose quantity transcends the limits of our actual grasp. Imagine contemplating the sea, or the sky, an immense quantity of garbage, or a mesmerizing infinite series of numbers: all those experiences can, potentially, elicit the idea of the sublime. To aesthetic theorists of late seventeenth hundreds, the sublime was a crucial concept. By means of it, they explained why it is possible to have aesthetic experiences that are associated with some degree of discomfort or, in the most remarkable cases, to awe. Beauty, they claimed, is nothing like this. In beauty, we do not experience negative feelings and our aesthetic appreciation is not mysteriously associated with that which is experienced. Indeed, the experience of the sublime gives rise to a paradox of the sublime: we find aesthetic reward in having an experience that, at once, we associate with some negative form of pleasure.It has been debated whether the sublime can be elicited by natural objects or by natural phenomena. In mathematics, we encounter the idea of infinity, which may elicit the idea of the sublime. In phantasy or mystery stories we may experience the sublime too, because of what deliberately remains untold. All of those experiences, however, depend on some human craft. But, can nature elicit the idea of the sublime? The Picturesque To make room for a sui generis aesthetic experience of natural objects or phenomena, the category of picturesque was introduced. The picturesque is not indefinite, and yet it allows for some vagueness as to that which elicits the aesthetic response. The view of the Grand Canyon or the view of the ruins of ancient Rome can elicit a picturesque response. We can place some boundaries to that which we are experiencing, and yet the aesthetic worth of the scenery is not attributable to any specific element, which we may term as beautiful.In this three-partition of aesthetic experiences, then, the experience of beauty is the most defined and, perhaps, the most secure. Sublime and Picturesque will be cherished by the adventurous. They are crucial in pinpointing the aesthetic specificity of certain types of literature, music, movies, and visual art.

What if anything, can the study of family law gain from an Essay

What if anything, can the study of family law gain from an understanding of theoretical approaches towards the relationship between law and families - Essay Example or alternative non-marriage arrangements as well as frequent divorce are making the once-solidly-defined English nuclear family resemble something else entirely, something else that is thus-far undefined, vague and nebulous. In this changing atmosphere, family law will be of increasing importance in managing conflict, creating harmony and resolving issues before they arise, creating amicable arrangements when disasters do occur, and organizing society. Major theoretical approaches like feminist theory, the public-private divide and functionalist theory deserve analysis, but the most salient for modern circumstances is feminist theory, at least insofar as it recognizes gender differences and difficulties. The changing nature of the British family deserves special comment and analysis. â€Å"Earlier this year, women became the majority of the workforce for the first time in U.S. history. Most managers are now women too. And for every two men who get a college degree this year, three women will do the same. For years, women’s progress has been cast as a struggle for equality. But what if equality isn’t the end point? What if modern, postindustrial society is simply better suited to women?† (Rosin, 2010). Rosins question is obviously somewhat hyperbolic, but there is an underlying fear and anxiety there. Girls are being preferred over boys for in vitro fertilisation in America, and similar phenomena are occurring in Britain. The delocation and loss of jobs caused by the recent economic meltdown have only exacerbated this phenomenon. â€Å"He writes on the board: $85,000. â€Å"This is her salary.† Then: $12,000. â€Å"This is your salary. Who’s the d amn man? Who’s the man now?† A murmur rises. â€Å"That’s right. She’s the man† (Rosin, 2010). This basic conflict between men and women in terms of new gender norms will cause major issues for family law. Add in the other factors such as cohabitation, gay marriage and civil unions, other changing sexual orientation

Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Management - Research Paper Example Having seen the danger posed by this kind of storing cash within a business, strategists came up with a number of ways to prevent cash theft by employees (Fennelly 39). One of the most fundamental ways of preventing employee theft while operating a cash drawer is to employ honest and trustworthy personnel. Another crucial method of preventing employee theft while operating a cash drawer is to always be aware of the cash in the inventory, store, security, and staff behaviors at all times. In this way, an employer is able to prevent any sort of losses through employee theft since security is intensive (Fennelly 50). Thirdly, an employer can prevent employee theft by monitoring their access. Generally, managers should find it necessary to always be informed of what is happening in the business’ cash drawer. In this way, the managers are able to know which employees have codes and keys to the cash drawer; therefore, in case of any loss they know who is accountable. Fourthly, havin g cash handling processes that does not give room for mistakes can aid in preventing employee theft cases (Ramsey and Ramsey 57). Fifthly, being always present and available for the team is very substantial in preventing employee theft. ... Apart from that, maintaining employee monitoring after undergoing an intensive training is very important when it comes to preventing shoplifting when using a cash drawer. Immediately after the newly employed staff concludes its training, setting up measures that will see proper monitoring of the staff is a sure way of preventing any sort of shoplifting, especially at times when the store is using a cash drawer system. There is also the method of establishing single or simply individual cash drawers for every employee, which have similar balancing procedure at the end of every single day (Wallace and Larry 55). Moreover, initiating a management sign offs in each refund, void, and refund deposit in a store that employs the cash drawer system of storing money is relevant and can help prevent shoplifting. Such strategies are suitable for preventing large-scale losses that may result from possible â€Å"pay outs† (Fennelly 77). In addition to that, a manager can help prevent shopl ifting in a store that uses a cash drawer by putting into place a regular inspection program that goes through register journal tapes and finds out if there are any irregularities. Piecing together a system that allows advent and regular inspection of largely what goes around the store facilitates security and prevents shoplifting in places where they use cash drawers (Ramsey and Ramsey 68). Disaster and recovery plan Commonly, a disaster and recovery plan is planning of a business that seeks to ensure its continuity even after the occurrence of disruptive event that may be in the form of a hurricane, snow, and/or even a simple power outage that may occur anywhere next or close to the business. In a disaster and

Injectronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Injectronics - Essay Example The initials IM stand for innovative mechatronics. This was the new name that was taken up since the year 2012. The merger involved four organizations namely RAE ignition and sensors, DAT equipment, Injectronics and MAP- mechatronic auto parts. Initially, Injectronics used to remanufacture and repair automotive products for resale. They then started manufacturing of automotive equipment and also embarked on extensive testing equipment to ensure they have the widest range of products in stock ready for sale. They were the first automotive company in the southern hemisphere to be given ISO 9001 accreditation. The IM group has lived up to the same expectations regardless of the mergers and still remains the only automotive organization in the southern hemisphere that is ISO certified. The remanufacturing process follows the step of a customer trading in already used automotive equipment or perhaps even a car. This equipment will be remanufactured and then the customer will be able to pu rchase the remanufactured equipment or new equipment depending on their choice. The MAP (mechatronic auto parts) is a new and exciting brand that was recently added to the IM group; it is aimed at providing unique and high quality automotive products to the southern hemisphere. ... These key rubbers usually do not have a replacement but the MAP products effectively do the trick. These products come with a duly explained replacement user manual thereby making it easy for the user to change. RAE ignition and sensors is another branch of the IM group, which deals with ignitions and sensors. They present different ignitions for various makes of vehicles in the industry, which are ISO certified. These are also replacements for defective or faulty ignitions and sensor systems. The Injectronics branch of IM group continues the initial trade of the original Injectronics. This is the initial business of buying of used automotive parts and selling of new automotive parts. DAT equipment is yet another branch of the IM group that deals with automobile diagnostics. Such equipment includes gadgets that show faults or confirm the state of vehicle parts and their efficiency. Equipments are electronically tested, with ignition spark tester being an excellent example. This elect rically checks for the ignition sparks performance. All the above products of the IM group have played a big role in finding the break -even point for the firm thereby making it continuously viable. The emergence of the above subsidiaries led to a lot of change in the market share for the firm; this played a big role in making top-level management to change the company name from Injectronics to the name Innovative mechatronics. The name innovative mechanics well suits the organization as it only deals with a very special niche in the automotive field. Not many automotive companies are exploiting the above niche, which is well favored by the Australian population. IM group however, also exports her products to other countries. This is also another avenue of

The Cognitive Models Of Ocd Psychology Essay

The Cognitive Models Of Ocd Psychology Essay The study is aimed to investigate the Quality of Life of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder patients in relation to Severity of the symptoms and Cognitive Appraisal. The study will explore the predictors of Quality of life of OCD patients from variables of Symptom Severity dimensions and Cognitive Appraisal. It is hypothesized that patients having OCD with more Symptom Severity, and Cognitive Appraisal of obsessions will have impaired Quality of life. Correlational research design and purposive sampling will be used. 60 patients with primary diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive disorder, with age range of 18 years and above will be recruited. For assessment, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptom Checklist (OCDSC), Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM), and WHOQOL-BREF will be used. Pearson Product Moment will be employed to find the relationship of Symptom Severity and Cognitive Appraisal with Physical health, Psychological health, Social and Environment related Quality of life. In addition, Multip le Regression Analysis will be used to explore the predictor of Quality of life of patients with Obsessive Compulsive disorder. Introduction The study investigates the Quality of Life (QoL) of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients in terms of Symptom Severity and cognitive appraisal. The severity of symptomology and clinically manifested psychological distress exacerbates the functional impairment of OCDs patients. The functional impairment debilitates and gradually leads to poor treatment compliance as psychotherapy include the dysfunction area in treatment plan. The present study is intended to understand the relationship of the associated factors that will help facilitate the better understanding on etiological and therapeutic grounds. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder According to American Psychiatric Association (2000), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD) is an anxiety disorder classified into Obsessions and Compulsions. Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted thoughts, id, images, or impulses that and individual experienced as senseless yet anxiety evoking. Compulsions are desires to engage in behavioral or mental acts according to specified rules or in reaction to obsessions (i.e., to lower down obsessional anxiety). However, individuals are unaware of the trigger and may perform stereotyped acts according to idiosyncratic rules (Wells, 1997). Obsessions are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate. The most common obsessions concern thought about contamination, doubting, aggressive or horrific impulses and sexual imagery (Wells, 1994; Wells Morrison, 1994 as cited in Wells, 1997). A compulsion is a repetitive behavior that is overt or covert. Overt compulsions include hand washing, checking, ordering, or alignment of objects. Covert compulsions are mental acts such as praying, counting, or repeating words. The goal of these overt and covert compulsions is to reduce or prevent anxiety or distress (Wells, 1997). Symptom Severity Severe OCD is characterized by Substantial frequency of obsessions and compulsions (from 4 hours a day to every minute of the patients waking hours), Substantial impairment from the OCD (usually in all domains of life including social, work, and family), Poor insight into the symptoms (or how realistic the patient thinks their fears are), and/or Substantial co morbidity which complicates the presentation of the symptoms (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder or schizophrenia). Severity of symptoms, as characterized by high frequency of symptoms or significant distress, is often measured through self-report measures such as the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002). Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms include both obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions often have themes of fear of contamination or dirt, having things orderly and symmetrical, aggressive or horrific impulses and sexual images or thoughts. However, compulsions typically have themes of washing and cleaning, counting, checking, demanding reassurances, performing the same action repeatedly, and orderliness (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012). Studies indicate that there are clinically meaningful differences among these symptom-based subtypes. It was reported that OCD patients with compulsive hoarding report higher levels of anxiety and depression, greater impairment in occupational, family, and social functioning and poorer response to pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral treatment (Abramowitz, Franklin, Schwartz, Furr, 2003). Despite the documented detrimental effects of OCD on quality of life, evidence suggests that not all individuals with OCD are uniformly impaired. Masellis, Rector, and Richter (2003) found that severity of obsessions, but not compulsions, was related to lower overall quality of life. Similarly, Eisen et al., (2006) reported that severity of obsessions and comorbid depression predicted impairment across eight domains of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction, whereas compulsion severity was related only to impaired work functioning. In contrast, Stengler-Wenzke, Kroll, Riedel-Heller, Matschinger, and Angermeyer (2007) found obsessions to be unrelated to Quality of life ratings, but that severity of compulsions was associated with reduced physical and psychological well-being, as well as impairment in social and family life and leisure activities. Cognitive Appraisal Grinker and Spiegel (1945, as cited in Sincero, 2012), explained appraisal as a process that requires mental activity involving judgment, discriminating and choice of activity based largely on the past experiences of and individual. According to Lazarus (1984), cognitive appraisal occurs in reaction to stress. One is the threatening tendency of the stress to the individual, and second is the evaluation of the resources that is required to minimize, tolerate or eradicate the stressor and the stress it produces. According to Lazarus, appraisal takes two forms, Primary Appraisal and Secondary Appraisal. Primary appraisal has been distinguished into irrelevant, benign-positive and stressful. Irrelevant implies when experiences not stressful, it falls within the category of irrelevant (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). The appraisal of relevancies is not themselves of great concern, but the cognitive processes by which these events are appraised. Benign-positive appraisal occurs if the outcome of encounter is constructed as positive and enhances well-being. These appraisals are characterized by positive emotions. Stress appraisal includes harm/loss, threat and challenge. In harm/loss, damage to the person is suspected. Threat concerns are the anticipated harms or lose. Challenge appraisal focus on the potential for gain or growth inherent in an encounter and they are characterized by pleasurable emotions such as eagerness, excitement, and exhilaration, whereas threat centers on the potential harms and is characterized by negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and anger (Lazarus Folkman, 198 4). The aim of secondary appraisal is to provide information about the individuals coping options in a situation. It has three components including problem focused coping, emotion focused coping and future expectancy. When an individual is deciding whether a situation is a threat or challenge, or he must do something to manage the situation, secondary appraisal becomes significant in order to figure out what might and can be done. Secondary appraisal activity is crucial feature of stressful encounter (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). When an individual is faced with adverse situation, something needs to be done to control it and avoid any subsequent consequences. Secondary appraisal follows primary appraisal of a situation. This necessarily includes evaluation of the situation and suitable reaction. The person than evaluate what can be done to cope with a particular situation. The reaction to the situation is decided by carefully analyzing what is at stake and what can be done to reduce negative consequences (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). Cognitive Models of OCD According to OLeary (2005), the number of cognitive models describing OCD phenomenon. These illustrate the rate of dysfunctions in general cognitive processing or dysfunction in cognitive appraisal and beliefs. Salkovskis Model (1985; Wells, 1997) based on cognitive and behavioral concepts in the formulation of obsessional problems. It theorized that the importance of appraisal of intrusion as the major source of distress, rather than the content of the intrusion itself. The appraisal of the significance of intrusions is determined by underlying beliefs. Once negative appraisals of responsibility occur, the second process of initiation of neutralizing responses which may be internal or external begins. When a person neutralized the intrusive thought he attempts to reduce responsibility and discomfort. Thus, the recurrences of intrusions become more likely because responses to them result in such cognitions acquiring greater salience. Studies have found significant correlations between responsibility and obsessive-compulsive behaviors in both clinical (e.g., OCCWG, 2001) and nonclinical participants (Freeston, Ladouceur, Thibodeau, Gagnon, 1992; as cited in OLeary, 2005). According to Rachman (1998; as cited in OLeary, 2005), the catastrophic misinterpretation about the importance of unwanted thoughts made by a person increases the range and seriousness of potentially threatening stimuli. In this way numbers of neutral stimuli that were insignificant are interpreted as threatening. This transfer of the neutral stimuli and situation to potentially threatening ones increases the range of threats and therefore increases the opportunities for the provocation of obsessions. This happens with both internal as well as external cues. In internal cues, the person deduces a threat from the fact of feeling anxious. Moreover, when the patient feel anxious he interpret it as if he is losing control of self and thus there is an increased likelihood that he will act upon the unwanted impulse. Hence, the catastrophic misinterpretation of ones anxiety can interact to increase the misinterpretation of the intrusion. Neutralizing prevents exposure to any disconfirming e vidence regarding the personal significance of the intrusive thoughts. This cycle remains until the catastrophic misinterpretation is changed or reduced and the internal or external stimuli are no longer interpreted as threatening. Quality of life The World Health Organization (1994) defines Quality of Life as an individuals perception of his/her position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which he/she lives, and in relation to his/her goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It is a broad-ranging concept, compromising of the persons physical health, psychological state, social relationships, and their relationship to salient features of their environment (Hollar, 2012, p.74). Obsessive compulsive disorder may significantly affect self-care, social relationships, occupational functioning, family and marital relationships, child-rearing capacities, and use of recreations or spare time (American Psychological Association, 2007). Bobes (2001) revealed that patients with obsessive-compulsive illness had definite impairment in all domains of quality of life other than physical functioning. Similar findings emerged from the studies of Moritz (2005) and Eisen (2006), also showed that as compared to general population, OCD patients have poor health related quality of life in all domains except physical health. Few studies, however, have examined whether OCD symptom dimensions are differentially associated with impairment in functioning and Quality of life. Only one study to date has evaluated the impact of different dimensions of OCD symptoms on Quality of life. Fontenelle et al., (2010) found that whereas depression severity predicted impairment across eight domains of functioning assessed by SF-36, only hoarding and washing, but not other OCD symptom domains, predicted impairment in other areas of functioning social functioning and limitations due to physical health problems, respectively. OCD sufferers generally recognize their obsessions and compulsions as irrational, and may become further distressed by this realization. Cummins (2000) suggest that it is difficult to define Quality of Life because it can be characterized in both objective and subjective terms (as cited in Barofsky, 2012). According to Spranger Schwartz (1999), Quality of life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept: perspective can change with the onset of major illness. With the onset of illness, individuals relevant cognitive or affective processes (e.g. in their health or lives) include making comparisons of ones situation, with others who are better or worse off. People may adjust to deteriorating circumstances because they want to feel as good as possible about themselves (Ayers, et al. 2007). According to Salkovskis (1985) the difference between the obsessive compulsive disorder patient who experience prominent distress and disturbance lies in the meaning they make out of their obsessions. However, normal individual tends to view these intrusions as meaningless and benign whereas OCD patient make catastrophic interpretation out to these cognitive intrusions. These maladaptive interpretations discriminates the OCD patients. Cognitive models of OCD implied that a thought will be distressing and repetitive depending on the meaning assigned to it, not because of the content of obsessional thoughts (Teachman, 2005). The Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (OCCWG) has shown that symptom severity correlates with appraisals of intrusive thoughts among individuals with OCD. In comparison with individuals who do not have OCD, those with OCD appraise unwanted intrusive thoughts as more important to control and as conveying more responsibility for preventing harm related to the thought (OCCWG, 2001). Purdon and Clark (1994) suggested that high scores on measures of OCD suggest that the individual is more likely to believe that intrusive and unwanted thought will occur in real life and will experience more guilt in reaction to those thoughts. Appraisals that one could act on the intrusive thought as well as appraisals about control, responsibility and the significance of the thought for ones personality also correlate with the OCD symptoms (as cited in Corcoran and Woody, 2007). Thus, models of Obsessive compulsive disorder showed that cognitive appraisal of unwanted intrusive thoughts will produce significant distress in patients having OCD that in turn will affect quality of life. There is evidence suggesting a relationship between Cognitive Appraisal and Psychological and Physical well-being (Coyne, Aldwin Lazarus, 1981; Harris, Heller Braddock, 1988; Jerusalem, 1993; Nezu, 1986). There is a general Conesus among research that an individual appraisal of the significance of the situation in terms of personal well-being will be a major determinant of affect (Carver et al., 1989; Harris et al., 1988; Lazarus Folkman, 1987; Lazarus, 1991; Smith Ellsworth, 1985). The way a person evaluates the significance of an event for him/her produces different emotional reaction, making some people more vulnerable to adverse effect than other (Kessler et al., 1983; as cited in Kausar, 1994). Perceived control experienced by an individual has an effect on outcome (Partridge Johnston, 1989). Increased levels of perceived personal control are associated with more favorable psychological adjustment (Folkman, 1984) and perceived lack of control on the other hand predicts psyc hological symptoms (Prime-Emberry, 1972; as cited in Kausar, 1994). How an individual appraises and copes with the stress is important to his/her well-being (Antonovsky, 1979; Lazarus 1981). According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), a fit between cognitive appraisal and coping strategies is postulated to produce a better outcome. Johnson and Kenkel (1991) concluded that appraisals of threat (Appraisal of self, holding self back) and use of coping strategies of detachment and seeking social support were associated with emotional distress. Moreover, Felsten (1991) suggested that appraisals of challenges and expectations of successful coping should be associated with lower distress and better well-being. Rassin et al. (2001; as cited in Yorulmaz, 2007) suggested that unwanted and intrusive thoughts are experienced by everyone and the difference between normal and abnormal lies in the appraisal process, frequency and distress. Therefore, the examination symptom severity and cognitive app raisal as the predictors of quality of life of OCD patients may facilitate the understanding if the distress and impairment faced by them. In OCD, primary appraisal occurs in conjunction with the intrusive thoughts associated with obsessions, and secondary appraisal leads to faulty coping (compulsions and avoidance). According to Carr (1971), patients with OCD typically overestimate the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome in the context of primary appraisal (during obsessions) (as cited in Stein, Hollander, Rothbaum, 2009) and they perform compulsive behaviors in order to reduce perceived threat. In term of cognitive domains, studies of patients with OCD have found an exaggerated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat, perfectionism, over importance of thoughts, need for control and intolerance of ambiguity (Rachman, 1993; Salkovskis, 1985; as cited in Sten, Hollander, Rothbaum, 2009). Individuals with OCD report markedly reduced Quality of life and general well-being, diminished occupational attainment, impaired family functioning, and higher rates of suicidal thought attempts. According to Koran et al. ( 1996), severity of OCD is inversely correlated with social functioning (as cited in Simpson, Neria, Fernandaz Schneier, 2010). According to Teachman (2007), subjective cognitive complaints exacerbate the effects of obsessional beliefs, and promote maladaptive responses to intrusive thoughts thus increasing the severity of the OCD symptoms. In present study, it is intended to explore mediating role of Cognitive Appraisal on Quality of Life perceived by Obsessive Compulsive Disorder patients with Symptom Severity and Cognitive Appraisal of the disorder are expected to impair the patients functioning. Literature Review This section includes the review of the studies that investigated the studied variables that are Symptom Severity, Cognitive Appraisal and Quality of life. Kumar, Sharma, Kandavel Reddy (2012) examined the contribution of cognitive appraisals to the quality of life (QoL) in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. In Cross sectional study, it was hypothesized that cognitive appraisals of obsession contribute to poor quality of life in OCD patients. Sample size was 31 consecutive patients from Behavioral Medicine Unit of the NIMHANS and 30 Normal controls. Exclusion criteria were patients having severe co morbid psychiatric, physical and neurological disorder. The assessment was done by using mini Internal Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI), the YBOCS severity scale, Clinical Global Impression-severity, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, the Interpretation of Intrusive Inventory-31 and WHOQOL-BREF. Data was analyzed using independent t-test and chi-square test. Relationship between the domains of cognitive appraisal and the QoL after controlling for the duration of symptoms was analyzed by using Partial correlation. The resul ts indicated that all the domains of cognitive appraisal have strong negative relationship with psychological domain of QoL. Thought control and inflated personal responsibility also correlated negatively with the total QoL. Cognitive appraisal specifically contributes to poorer QoL in OCD so modification of beliefs and appraisal may be essential for better QoL. Main limitations were small size, patients were recruited from Behavioral Medicine Unit of major psychiatric hospital, and findings may not be easily generalized. Sample was predominantly male so its important to examine gender difference in cognitive appraisal and its relationship to QoL. Fontelle et al., (2010) in a study compared patients with OCD and normal on severity of different OCD dimensions and levels of QoL of patients with OCD. Further, it was also investigated the socio demographic variables and co occurring depressions and anxiety symptoms have significant contribution in impairment of QoL of OCD patient. They hypothesized that universal pattern of impairment in the physical, mental, and social aspects of quality of life of patient will be associated with more significant hoarding symptoms. The patients with the diagnosis of OCD were included; age between 18-80 years and without any other neurological, endocrinological or systematic disorder. The measures used were Saving inventory revised (SI-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised (OCI-R), Medical Outcome Study 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Chi-square and independent student t-test was used for the comparison of categorical a nd continuous variables respectively. The patient who met the inclusion criteria was 135 out of which 65 were patients, and 70 were controls. The result supported the hypothesize only partially, the decline in particular aspects of patients QoL was significantly associated with hoarding and washing symptoms for but co occurring symptoms, the most prominent determinant of the impairment of QoL of subject with OCD were depressive and anxious ones. The study had limitations that sample was taken from specialized institutions, second control group was of nonclinical individuals, rating on depression scale and QoL Instrument may be dependent on state and change during continuity of OCD, they applied generic tool for measuring QoL in OCD. Teachman (2007) studied subjective concerns about cognitive decline partially mediate this relationship between obsessional beliefs and OCD symptoms across young and older adult age group in a large community sample. The sample size was 335 including males and females. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire and Memory Functioning Questionnaire were used. This study attempted to evaluate the modification of cognitive model proposed by Rachman and Salkovskis. The results provide support to cognitive models of obsessions and suggest that obsessional beliefs that have been validated in younger adult samples are also important for older adults. It was shown that the relationship among subjective cognitive concerns, obsessional beliefs and OCD symptoms was consisted but older patients showed greater subjective cognitive concerns, Grant et al. (2006) carried out a study to find out the differences of OCD patients with primary OCD and sexual obsessions and OCD patients without sexual obsession on number of clinical variables. They included co morbidity, symptom severity, insight, quality of life, and social and occupational functioning under the clinical domains. 293 subjects, meting criteria for OCD, aged 19 years or older were included and interviewed. Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorder, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) to assess OCD symptom severity, Subject Clinical Global Improvement scale was used to evaluate the response towards medication. Rating on the degree to which previous treatments have proved to be effective was taken on 7 point scale. Brown assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS) was used to evaluate the insight and current Depressive symptom and QOL by were assessed by using 17-item Hamilton Rating scale for Depression and Quality of life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionn aire respectively. The findings supported the hypothesize that earlier age of OCD, presiding entry in treatment, increased rate of aggressive and religious obsession onset was related to having OCD with sexual obsessions, and also with increaser depressive symptoms, longer duration of treatment, and higher rates of impulse control disorder. Teachman, Woody and Magee (2006) attempted to evaluate cognitive theories of obsessions and they experimentally manipulated appraisals of the importance of intrusive thoughts. The design contained both experimental and quasi-experimental elements. Implicit Association Test was used to examine the influence of instructions about the importance versus meaninglessness of unwanted thoughts on reaction time. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory III, Obsessional Beliefs Questionnaire-Short Form, State Self-Esteem Scale, and Personal Significance Scale were the part of study. Results indicated that the manipulation shifted implicit appraisals of unwanted thoughts in the expected direction, but not self-evaluation of morality or dangerousness. Interestingly, explicit self-esteem and beliefs about the significance of unwanted thoughts were associated wit the measure of OCD beliefs, whereas implicit self-evaluations of danger ousness were better predicted by the interaction of pre-existing OCD beliefs with the manipulation. Libby et al., (2004) studied Cognitive Appraisals in young people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. The study had two aims to investigate whether the same pattern of cognitive appraisal found in studies with adults will be observed in the younger population. A secondary aim of the study was to establish the relationship between cognitive appraisal and the extent these predict obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Three groups of young people aged between 11 and 18 years old were recruited for the study. First group were of patients with OCD, second was patient with anxiety disorder and third one was non clinical group. Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version, Responsibility Attitude Scale, thought-Action Fusion Scale, and Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was used n the study. The young people with OCD had significantly higher scores on inflated responsibility, thought-action fusion, and one aspect of perfectionism, concern over mistakes, than the other groups. In addition, inflated responsibility independently predicted OCD symptom severity. The results generally supported the cognitive appraisals held by adults with OCD to young people with the disorder. Saxena et al., (2010) conducted a research to compare compulsive hoarding and non compulsive hoarding OCD patients across variety of QoL domains. They hypothesized that hoarders would be older and have lower FAF scores than non hoarding OCD patients. Secondly, hoarding patients would be less satisfied with their living situations, given their amount of clutter, and hoarders would have greater victimization/ safety concerns and finally hoarders would have greater financial problems and receive more social service assistance than non-hoarding OCD patients. To study this171 adult patients were selected (84 males, 87 females) with age aged 18-72. They were diagnosed OCD and treated openly between 1998 and 2005. Out of these patient 34 met criteria of having compulsive hoarding syndrome. 137 patients didnt report any hoarding symptoms. Patient presented with a wide range of co morbid diagnosis. Those with active psychosis, mania, dementia, mental retardation or other cognitive impairment were excluded. Standardized rating scales were used to assess symptom severity and level of functioning. YBOCS was used to measure OCD symptom severity. Severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured by 28 item Hamilton Depression rating scale (HDRS-28) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (Ham-A) respectively. QoL was assessed with Lehman Quality of Life Interview Short. Obtained scores for QoL between 2 groups were compared using Analysis of Variance procedures. ANCOVA were performed with covariates and also for secondary analysis on individual items. Results showed that compulsive hoarders were significantly older that non hoarding OCD patients. QoL scores on victimization and safety factors differed significant between 2 groups. Hoarder felt less safe in streets and less satisfied with protection. Both groups had significant occupational impairment, unemployment and disability. Discrepancy in sample size between 2 patient groups and intensive patient setting were the limitation s of study. Eisen et al., (2006) conducted a study to assess multiple aspects of QoL in individuals with OCD. It was hypothesized that all aspects of QoL would be affected, and that severity of OCD symptoms and depressive symptoms would be associated with impairment in QoL. 5 years prospective naturalistic study was conducted on 197 participants with an age 18 years or older, primary OCD. An exclusion criterion was having an organic mental disorder. YBOCS, Brown assessment of Belief scale, Modified Hamilton rating scale for Depression, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, Social Occupational Functioning assessment scale, Medical outcome survey 36-item short form Health Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was conducted to assess relationship between clinical features of OCD and QoL. Results showed that YBOCS score of 20 appeared to be an inflection point where QoL becomes significantly more impaired, suggesting that functioning and QoL, may be preserved in individu als with OCD until threshold of severity is crossed. Limitations of the study were participants seeking treatment and therefore finding may not apply to those individuals who do not seek treatment. Moreover, subjects were evaluated only once. It was suggested that the role of treatment in improving QoL in OCD should be further investigated along with a need to assess which aspect of QoL and psychological functioning. Guraraj et al., (2008) conducted research in which they hypothesized that patients suffering from severe OCD may have comparable level of global functioning, family burden and QoL and disability with patient suffering from schizophrenia. 70 subjects from National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience gave informed consent. Inclusion criteria were (a) a primary diagnosis of DSM IV OCD/schizophrenia (b) continuous illness for the previous 2 year (c) Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score of > 4 (d) availability of a primary care giver involved in patient care for 2 years Mini-international Neuropsychiatry Interview was conducted to confirm the diagnosis. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), World Health Organization (WHO-Quality of life (QOL)(BREF Version), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule-II (WHO-DAS-II). Family Burden Schedule (FBS) were used to assess global functioning, quality of life and disability. ANCOVA was employed with age of onset and duration of illne ss as covariate for comparison of family burden, QoL and disability between 2 groups. Pearson correlation between socio demographic/ clinical variable, family accommodation and functioning with family burden were performed. The results demonstrated that severe OCD is associated with significant impairment in functioning and severe family burden and disability. QoL was poor and severe OCD and schizophrenia are often associated with comparable disability, family burden and poor QoL. Huppert et al., (2009) compared the QoL of OCD patients with functioning of matched healthy controls. They hypothesized that OCD patients in remission would report similar QoL and functioning matched healthy controls (HCs), while individuals with OCD would report poorer QoL and functional impairment. Additional prediction was that OCD patients and comorbid psychiatric disorder would report the worst QoL and functional impairment. Finally, Individuals with a history of OCD (current or past) increased severity of OCD would be related to decrease in QoL and increased functional impairment, even when controlling for depression. 66 comprised the current sample. 36 HCs were included. They were matched on age, sex and ethnicity. Stru