We Can Stop Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Global Climate Chang

We Can Stop Global WarmingNowadays, the earth is presenting drastic changes. There are different factors that have influenced to provoke these changes. The man is virtuoso if not the main responsible. With the modern world and its speed in which life is developed everyday, the man may not sometimes think of a semipermanent harm that is provoking. It has been recognized that human activity is slowly increasing the atmospheric concentration of several gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the colloquial bourne to refer to enhanced orbiculate warming. The green house effect is what keeps the earth habitable, without the greenhouse effect the temperatures would be too cold for human live.Over the quondam(prenominal) 100 years, global temperatures have increased by about one degree Fahrenheit, with the 1990s to date the warmest decade on record, according to NASAs Goddard represent for Space Studies. Scientists predict that, unless greenhouse gases e missions are reduced substantially, Earths average global temperature will rise by two to six degrees by the next century. Since people are causing global warming, they can also prevent it from getting worse or to stop it at all. To prevent global warming we must reduce usage of greenhouse gases emissions. Carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) is a vital source to the greenhouse effect. Humans have made buildings and machines that release CO2 into the air. Large amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere causes more heat to be...

Unlocking the Secrets of the Universe Essay -- essays research papers

Unlocking the Secrets of the UniverseIncreasing our companionship of physical science, using the scientific method acting to make observations and test hypotheses is essential to unlocking the secrets of the universe. Energy is one of the most fundamental elements of the universe. Throughout history, man has endeavored to expose, understand, and explain how and why things work. This drive to expand our understanding ultimately led to the development of the scientific method and what is commonly considered to be the king of the sciences, Physics. The effects of energy on the physical world are of great use up to Physicists. The scientific method was developed during the seventeenth century. It is based on collaborative efforts of the great scientists and mathematicians who lived during that period such as Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilee, Johannes Kepler, and Rene Descartes. These men realized that true knowledge must be based on empirical observation and verified by experimentatio n. Recently, physicists have been searching for a unifying theory to bring totally of the scene of actions of Physics together under a single umbrella theory expressed as a short equation. This so called unifying field theory will usher in a new era in physics and greatly increase our understanding of the workings of the universe Physics is the king of science, and Sir Issac Newton is the king of Physics. Physics deals with matter, motion, force, and energy. In tack together to understand motion, one needs to look no further the Sir Issac Newton. Newtons studies in the end led to the development of three distinct, but related theories dealing with velocity, acceleration, inertia, friction and momentum, these theories are so widely accepted that they are commonly called Newtons Three Laws of Motion. These laws, after almost three hundred years of testing and scrutiny, endure as fundamental principles governing the world we live in. By increase our understanding of energy and the laws governing it, Newtons laws have dramatically changed our world and promise to continue to change it in the years to come. Newtons first law states that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity. This means that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a net force. It alike means that an object in motion will remain in moti... ... http//www.safetyline.wa.gov.au/institute/level2/course15/lecture92/l92_01.aspOVERVIEWThis state of affairs is basically just a lecture that explains the structure and engagement of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds in a basic manner. The site has some information on organic chemistry, which are synthetic carbon chemicals which are grouped with the internal ones. The site also has information about which organic compounds are used in our everyday life.(5) http//www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/bonding/benzene2.htmlBONDING IN BENZENEJim Clark ma intains this site. In order to have a good understanding of this site, it is a good idea if you have knowledge about the bonding in methane, and the bonding in ethene. This site has real good information on how benzene is built and the benzene ring.(6) http//members.aol.com/profchm/con_isom.htmlHow do you go about determining Constitutional Isomers of a Molecular formula?R.H.Logan maintains this site. This site lets you know that Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula. The site also shows you how to you can find out if you have equivalent isomers and what an isopropyl branch is. This is a dull site, but pretty informative.

American Prohibition :: essays research papers fc

obstructionOn midnight of January 16, 1920, one of the started around the turn of the century, when many people got the idea that most of what was wrong with America was caused by boozepersonal habits and customs of most Americans came to a sudden halt. It . They saw precludeion as the silver hammer that would decimate all of their alky-related woes. Instead, it turned out to be the lodestone that idle words America into thirteen years of chaos. The eighteenth amendment was ineffective because it was unenforceable, it caused an explosive growth in crime, and it increased the amount of alcohol consumption.The Eighteenth Amendment was put into effect to prohibit the manufacture, sale and transportation of all intoxicating liquors. Shortly afterward, the Volstead Act, named for author Andrew J. Volstead, was put into effect. This complimentary law determined intoxicating liquor as anything having an alcohol surfeit of more than 0.5 percent, omitting alcohol used for medicinal and sacramental purposes this act set up guidelines for enforcement as well (Altman 15). Prohibition was meant to shrivel the consumption of alcohol, and thereby reduce crime, p all overty, death rates, and improve the economy and general quality of life. This, however, was undoubtedly to no avail. After the Volstead Act was put into place to determine precise laws and methods of enforcement, the Federal Prohibition Bureau was developed in order to see that the Volstead Act was enforced. Nevertheless, these laws were frequently violated by bootleggers and commoners alike. Bootleggers smuggled liquor from overseas and Canada, stole it from government warehouses, and produced their own. umpteen people hid their liquor in hip flasks, false books, hollow canes, and anything else they could find. (Bowen 159). There were also illegal speakeasies which replaced saloons soon after the start of prohibition. By 1925, there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone (Bowen 160). As goo d as the ideal sounded, prohibition was far easier to proclaim than to enforce. With only 1,550 federal agents and over 18,700 miles of immense coastline, it was quite impossible to prevent large quantities of liquor from entering the country (Bowen 166). Barely five percent of smuggled liquor was hindered from coming into the country through with(predicate) the 1920s. Additionally, the illegal liquor industry was under the control of organized gangs, which subdued most authorities. Many bootleggers shielded their business by bribing the authorities, namely federal agents and persons of spunky political status (Bowen 160).

Maurice Sendak: Through Controversy To Success Essay -- Maurice Sendak

Maurice Sendak Through Controversy To Success These are difficult times for children. Children have to be brave to survive what the world does to them. And this world is scrungier and rougher and dangerouser than it ever was beforeMaurice Sendak Throughout the past fifty years, Maurice Sendak has been a ch eitherenging and inventive voice for childrens literary works. His run short will continue to be entertaining and educational for young children and adults alike for many years to come. Sendak has won many awards for his work in childrens literature however, much controversy surrounds his work. Sendaks books have had grotesque characters, kids becoming wild things, kids get stolen by goblins, kids are eaten by lions, and some kids are naked. Through all the controversy that has surrounded Sendaks books, he has risen to success. Maurice Sendak was born in Brooklyn, New York on June 10, 1928, according to American Masters-PBS. His parents were Polish-Jewish immigrants who ca me to the United States before World warfare I. Mr. Sendak started to draw as a child, because he was sick child and spent most of his life indoors. Drawing gave Sendak time to let his imagination run wild. after(prenominal) graduating from high school, Sendak published a number of drawings in the textbook Atomics for the Millions (1947). He worked for F.A.O. Schwartz for four years as a window dresser while pickings classes at New York Art Student League. Sendak illustrated books for Marcel Aymes The Wonderful Farm (1951), which is currently out of print, and Ruth Krausss A Hole is to drive (1952). Sendak decided to become a full-time freelance childrens book illustrator, after he did the illustrations for those two books. Sendaks mother was di... ...m, but it has not stop the awards and recognition pouring in on his books. He does not let this controversy stop him from writing or illustrating. Sendak keeps doing what he does best, writing and illustrating books that put children and adults into some other world and let their imagination run wild. Works CitedAmerican Masters-PBS, Maurice Sendak. http//www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/sendak_m.html Biography Maurice Sendak. http//www-personal.ksu.edu/drs7777/bio.html Educational Paperback Association. http//www.edupaperback.org/showauth.cfm?authid=42.html Gregory, Carol and Ramsey, Inez. Maurice Sendak, Childrens Book Author. http//falcon.jmu.edu/ramseyil/sendak.html National Endowment for the Arts, The. Maurice Sendak. http//www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0801320.html

Philippine Retirement Authority :: essays research papers

An Information Technology Audit on thePhilippine Retirement roleSpecial Retiree Service Syste1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe previous paper illustrated the present state of the Philippine Retirement Authority, its processes, and finally concluded with an assessment of its the SWOT elements. This typography follows up by asking Given its vision of developing the Philippines into a retirement haven, will investing in information technology bring the PRA proximate to its vision?We believe that there is enough impetus to pursue investments in information technology for reasons that many tourist entries are enjoyed by the country, while the sum of retirees is expected to dramatically increase as worldwide populations, particularly baby boomers, age. Given the PRAs current membership level of 3,600+ members, there exists a electric potential for at least 15,000 members by the end of 2010. In the face of peace and order, austerity measures, and foreign competition, the benefits seem to far outwei gh the risks.It is with this conclusion that a 2-pronged glide path is recommended in order to move the PRA closer to its vision. These are(1) Enhancing market capability which will lead to higher sales, and(2) Building operational capacity through the earth of efficient processes, and introducing new and radical means of doing things.2.0 A GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE THE PRA IN 2034 3.0 WITHIN REACH THE PRA IN 2007 4.0 NEW BUSINESS PROCESS projectWith the new capabilities that can be developed, the business process of PRA can be enhanced to shift from a procedure-based perspective into a more qualitative marketing and servicing oriented thrust. A projected business process may be designed as follows4.1 Build/Maintain Strong Market front manFrom the current hunting approach that involves looking, approaching and convincing clients to know about PRA and the SRRV Program, a more dynamic thrust can be established. The activities that will be covered by this step will include the expans ion of accreditation of resorts, hotels, travel agencies, service/medical/care-giving facilities as well as networking with local and international marketers. The interactive website can serve as the web portal of the retirees for their special and various needs. The site may be able to generate interest among foreigners and former Filipinos. From a low-profile government agency, it is important for PRA to make itself felt and to push itself into the attention of the retirees market. The prospecting and invitation steps in the current business process will also be include in this step. All marketing communications in every media channel will also fall in this process.

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Soft Corals :: Reproduce Nature Wildlife Essays

Aintimate and Sexual Reproduction in Soft Corals The dispute between sexual and asexual genteelness is a competition that has been ongoing for millions of years. Somewhere along the way due to its higher level of genetic variation, sexual reproduction was able to overcome the two fold advantage of asexual reproduction, and now dominates reproduction in organisms. However, some types of organisms such as worms and corals have acquired the magnate to reproduce both sexually and asexually. The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences in asexual and sexual reproduction both from a biological and an ontogenyary standstill and to explain why evolution has made it possible for soft corals to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Introduction Soft corals are very widespread among the colossal Barrier Reef and other Indo-Pacific coral reefs. On the Great Barrier Reef they may cover up to 37% of the reef area (Bastidas, et. al, 2001). unconstipated though soft corals are abundant on the Great Barrier Reef they have been overshadowed by the study of hard corals. Very little inquiry has been conducted on them, yet they are just as fascinating as their hard coral neighbors. The main purpose of this paper is to explain why evolution has made it possible for soft corals to reproduce both sexually and asexually. To do this I will first introduce soft corals, then explain the types of reproduction soft corals are capable of, and finally explain why evolution has made it possible for soft corals to reproduce both sexually and asexually, using many studies to support my claims. Most of the information on this topic was very species specific, but this paper will explain the reproductive evolution of soft corals in a broader array that will pertain to the scientific order Alcyonacea, or all types of soft corals.What are soft corals? Soft corals are grouped in the phylum Cnidaria, disunite Anthozoa, and order Alcyonacea. Their distinguishing characteristic is that their polyps always bear eight tentacles which are on both edges fringed by rows of pinnules (Fabricius and Death, 2002). The common name soft coral comes from the position that they have no massive external skeleton as compared to the more commonly studied hard corals.

Project Scope Statement Essay

IntroductionThe main purpose of the project scope statement is to have a basic agreement of the scope of a project, its deliverables, work undeniable by deliverables to complete, and give common scope understanding to all stakeholders. intercommunicate Purpose and JustificationThe project of groovy India Taste Restaurant has been approved by considering the get of Indian food in the GTA by the related peoples. It has also been started for serving and creating a choice amongst the various types of world food in the Canadian market. Nowadays lots of immigrants ar migrating here in Canada from India and South Asia. Therefore, the demand for their food is also increasing. Though at that place are some restaurants in GTA but they are not up to the mark. So, to be expert and perfect in every field of hospitality and service, we are here to work on this project. There is high probability of the success of this project as the public opinion has been considered.Scope descriptionThis p roject (restaurant) ordain be serving almost all the vegetarian and non vegetarian varieties of Indian food and related drinks and deserts such as Chana masala, Dal Makhani, Shahi Paneer, Butter chicken, Lassi, Naan, Puri and many more items. The military posture about all these food items would be that they will be prepared in clean and hygienic environment and made by the expert chefs. collect to increase in south Asian population in the selected area, this will not only keeps our restaurant busy but also may demand to open another chain of restaurant in the GTA.High Level RequirementsIn order to complete this project, we need to grant permission from Canadian pabulum Inspection Agency (CFIA) and other related bodies. For this we will have to ensure them the process of food preparation will be done by experts and in clean, hygienic environment and will have good nutrition value. Another high level requirement is that we have to construct our site as perthe rules impose by the city and meet their requirements. These tasks are not difficult but they require high formalities and safety procedures which will ensure the success of the project.Project BoundariesAs the name suggests, this project will serve only Indian food nothing out of that, no Chinese, no Italian, no Thai and so on. It will serve both vegetarian and non vegetarian food but it will not serve alcoholic drinks. It will charge affordable and fair price to the nodes so to maintain goodwill and long term customer relationship.Project StrategyNumber of strategies will be followed and experimented in this project. These are just for the promotion, dynamic environment, customer attention and retention and attracting more customers. This will increase our profitability and our competing power in the market.DeliverablesSeveral deliverables will be produced as a result of boffo completion of this project. The project will be considered successful only on the meeting of the following deliverables. Th ese deliverables are All the requirements described by various licensing bodies of Ontario must(prenominal) be met. It must be effective and efficient in food preparation and ensure better customer service It must generate affluent profits to develop, maintain and improve services.Acceptance CriteriaFollowing steps are to be considered to accept this project as a successful and effective come to all the deliverablesMust be not out of budgetMust meet customer requirementsMust ensure quality standardsMust be absolute on time effectivelyConstraintsLike every project, this project might also have some constraints. Some ofthe constraints could be as follows Shortage in fundsIt may take more than expected time to accomplishIt may be hard for the project managers to found effective and expert kind-hearted resources Project managers might work more than 75% of billable hours on this projectAssumptionsThe location of this restaurant will be in that area where there are large number of I ndian people Most of the people like to eat out most of the timesThe project manager is responsible for appointing chefs, servers, managers and the required furniture and equipments. Change in income will not affect their eating habitsProject is capable of attracting more customers through advertisement, offers, discounts and social media.Cost estimateThe estimated be of this project are shown in the table below. As the project proceeds, additional costs may be there and it will be redefined and will be communicated to all stakeholders.

Characterization Of A Glycerol Based Polymer Environmental Sciences Essay

In oleochemical industry, glycerin ( 1,2,3-propanetriol ) is ever produced as a by-product in the fabrication of acids, soaps, methyl esters, intoxi merchantmants or nitrogen-containing derived functions. It mess besides be made from propene via epichlorohydrin ( 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane ) . However, the petrochemical supply path is slight of import overdue(p) to the change magnitude supply of glycerin from oleochemical industry, the naughty monetary value of propylene and the demand for epichlorohydrin for other intents ( Gunstone & A Henning, 2004 ) .Figure 1.1 GlycerolGlycerol possesses a alone gang of physical and chemical belongingss which atomic number 18 utilized in many commercial merchandises. It is hygroscopic, colourless, odorless, syrupy, sweet-tasting, low boiling point, non-toxic, demulcent, a not bad(predicate) dissolver, and H2O soluble. Besides, it is easy biodegradable ( Gunstone & A Henning, 2004 ) . Further more, it is sincerely stable chthonic norm al storage conditions, compatible with many other chemical stuffs, non-irritating in its assorted utilizations, and does non concur negative effects on the environment ( Pagliaro & A Rossi, 2008 ) .The glycerin market is presently down the stairsgoing extremist alterations, driven by really big supplies of glycerin originating from biodiesel production. The attempt to cut coldcock the dependance on foreign oil has increased the production of biodiesel and glycerin is the major co-product from the transesterification procedure utilize to bring forth biodiesel. Hence, there is a demand to take chances new utilizations for glycerin. Polymerization is one of the methods which big sum of glycerin preserve be apply ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) . in that respect two types of polymerizations. First, soluble merchandises are obtained irrespective of the achievement to which the reaction is carried toward completion. The merchandises formed are chiefly additive polymers. The 2nd type of polymerisation is those that lead to gelled or indissoluble merchandises, provided that the reaction is carried far plenty. The reactants are unfastened of bring forthing big three dimensional atoms ( Flory, 1941 ) .Harmonizing to Flory ( 1941 ) , gelation occurs merely when there is the possibility of limitless growing in three dimensions. It is a important feature of polymerising systems to hold a aggressively defined gel point at a certain(a) critical extent of reaction which is independent of temperature, sum of accelerator and so on.Through polymerisation of glycerin, the pre-polymers synthesized could be farther reacted to bring forth longer ironss of hyperbranched polymers. Hyperbranched polymers belong to the household of supermolecules known as dendrimers. Dendrimers are extremely branched monodispersed molecules produced by multistep syntheses. Preparation of dendrimers requires a high grade of pureness of the pee-pee downing stuff and high outputs of the single man-ma de peak. On the other manus, hyperbranched polymers are arbitrarily branched molecules prepared by a simple one-step reaction ( Wyatt et al. , 2006 ) via polyaddition, polycondensation, extremist polymerization, and so forth, of an ABn monomer ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) . Due to their alone combination of low viscousness, first-class solubility, and fluent synthesis, hyperbranched polymers have received important attending ( Lin, Q & A Long, T.E. , 2003 ) .Chemical reaction of the functional A groups with the functional B ( matching ) groups of a 2nd monomer molecule gives rise to randomly branched molecule. Since the C groups are present in surplus ( n a? 2 ) , crosslinking are avoided from the beginning. Chemical reaction can be brought to a standstill by addtion of stopper constituents. Since the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers does non affect matching to core molecule, just now merely ABn monomers react with one another. Both ramous molecules and additive sequences possi bly formed ( Vogtle et al. , 2009 ) .Hyperbranched polymers produced from diacids ( A2 ) and glycerin ( B3 ) are an illustration of the AB2 system. AB2 monomers are non readily available and kinetic computations show that the first condensation reaction, which produces an AB2 species, is faster than the concomitant polymer extension. Therefore, the balance of the reaction progresses as polycondensation between AB2-type species prior to the gel point. Several methods have been used to avoid gelation in A2+B3 systems, including executing the reactions in dilute solutions or responding them in the absence of dissolvers while monitoring.This glycerol-based polymer is expected to demo similar belongingss and features as polyalkylene ethanediol ( PAG ) . A polyalkylene ethanediol holding the general expression HO- R-O- n H in which N has a value of at least 2 and R is an alkylene extremist containing at least 10 C atoms. PAG liquid are used as man-made lubricating substances in many diverse applications. Therefore, glycerol-based polymers could besides hold the possible to be use every bit high human race presentation lubricator, coolant or as a lubricant additive ( such(prenominal) as viscousness qualifier ) .Materials with polymeric constructions can be used in lubricator to heighten its belongingss, such as viscousness, pour point and so on. It can be used as get downing stuff for certain types of additives. These polymeric additives can be viscosity modifier, pour point sedatives, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, and foam inhibitor in lubricators ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) .Oils can be effectual lubricators at low temperature. However, at high temperature, they become less effectual. To get the better of this job, viscousness qualifiers are utile in minimising viscousness fluctuations with temperature. Viscosity qualifier is a polymer with mean molecular weights of myriad to 150000. At all temperatures, viscousness qualifier is able to increase oil s vis cousness. The thickener of oil at lower temperature is less than that at higher(prenominal) temperature. At low temperatures, the polymer molecules busying a little volume have a minimal association with the majority oil. The state of affairs is reversed at high temperatures as the polymer ironss expand due to the increased thermic energy. Besides, at higher temperatures, polymers are more soluble and hence do the viscousness to increase ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) .There are two types of viscousness qualifiers available commercially olefin-based polymers and ester polymers. Polyisobutylenes ( PIBs ) , olefin copolymers ( OCPs ) , and hydrogenated styrene-diene ( STDs ) polymers. Ester polymers include polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) and styrene ester polymers ( SEs ) ( Totten, G.E. et al. , 2003 ) .Literature ReviewIn a research done by Wyatt and his colleagues ( 2006 ) , fresh oligomeric prepolymers were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of glycerin with iminodiacetic. The prepolymers were obtained after(prenominal) purification by chromatography in an mean output of 62 % . The compounds were characterized by utilizing 13C NMR, 1H NMR, hyaloplasm assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectroscopy, and gel pervasion chromatography. It was discovered that additive merchandises bearing cyclic urethane constructions were obtained in the reaction between iminodiacetic acid and glycerin.Qi Lin and Timothy E. Long ( 2003 ) analyse the polymerisation of A2 with B3 monomers to bring forth hyperbranched poly ( aryl estrer ) s. A dilute bisphenol A ( A2 ) solution was added easy to a dilute 1,3,5-benzene tricarbonyl trichloride ( B3 ) solution at 25AC to fix hyperbranched poly ( aryl ester ) s in the absence of gelation. The molar ratio of A2 B3 was maintained at 11. The maximal concluding monomer concentration was 0.08 M. The phenol functionalities were quantitatively consumed during the polycondensation. This was showed in 1H NMR spectro metry and derivitization of entrepot groups. Two theoretical account compounds were synthesized to place 1H NMR resonances for additive, dentritic, and terminal units. The concluding grade of ramification was determined to be 50 % . The hyperbranched polymers exhibited lower glass handing over temperatures compared to their parallels.J.F. Stumbe and Bernd Bruchmann ( 2003 ) besides used the A2+B3 attack to fix hyperbranched polyesters with controlled molecular weights and belongingss. The procedure was carried out by responding glycerin and adipic acid without any dissolvers. Tin accelerators was used. The merchandises were evaluated by size extrusion chromatography ( SEC ) analysis and NMR spectrometry to find molecular weights and grades of ramification.A survey was besides carried out on the glycerin esters from reaction of glycerin with dicarboxylic esters. The glycerin esters were synthesized by the base catalyzed reaction of glycerin with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid esters ( such as dimethyl oxalate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate, etc ) . Assorted parametric quantities that may impact the transesterification were studied in redact to optimise the output of merchandises. The reactions were carried out by changing the glycerol/ester molar ratios. The optimal ratio was 41, whereby the measure of the monoester was 60 % after 8 h. The transition decreased somewhat when the grinder ratio exceeded 41. At higher temperatures, the sum of monoester in the reaction mixtures increased and it reached a maximal degree after 6 H when the reaction was carried out at 100 AC to 120 AC. It took 8 H at a lower temperature. However, the overall output at the terminal of the reaction was non affected by the temperature. The formation of both monoester and diester were produced in an overall output of 80 % after 15 H of reaction clip ( Cho et al. , 2006 ) .S at a lower place et. Al. ( 1999 ) carried out a controlled synthesis of hyperbranched polyglycerols by pealin g opening multibranching polymerisation. Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers with controlled molecular weights and sign on molecular weight distribution were prepared via anionic polymerisation of glycidol with rapid cation-exchange equilibrium. Glycidol which represents a cyclic AB2 monomer was polymerized in a ring-opening multibranching ( ROMBP ) . The anionic polymerisation was carried out under slow add-on conditions with partly deprotonated ( 10 % ) 1,1,1-tris ( hydroxymethyl ) propane ( TMP ) as the instigator. 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF spectroscopy, vapor force per unit area osmometry ( VPO ) , and GPC were used to qualify molecular weights and polydispersities of the polyols formed. The 13C NMR spectra used to measure the grade of ramification ( DB ) ranged from 0.53-0.59. A complete fond regard of hyperbranched polymers to TMP instigator and the absence of macrocyclics were showed in MALDI-TOF spectra. There was no macrocyclics or hyperbranched supermolecule obtained, due to dece lerate addtion.T.J. Mulkern and N.C. Beck Tan ( 2000 ) studied a series of blends of hyperbranched polyester with high molecular weight polystyrenes. The processability and compatibility in the blends were investigated as a map of volume fraction of hyperbranched polyols ( HBP ) added and responsiveness of the matrix stage. Due to its low viscousness and high responsiveness, HBP polymers are suited for reactive polymer blending. Through touch and rheological surveies, it was found that HBPs are effectual processing AIDSs. A important bead in the blend viscousness occurs instantly on add-on of HBP, even at degrees every bit low as 2 vol. % .In 1934, Herman Bruson discovered a man-made oil additive when he was researching the synthesis and possible applications of longer alkyl side concatenation methacrylates. Bruson s innovation, polymethacrylates ( PMAs ) was found to hold the possible to work as thickening or viscousness index humanitarian for mineral oils. It increases viscousnes s at higher temperature more than at lower temperatures ( Kinker, B.G. , 2009 ) . The alkly group in the ester part of the polymer can be altered to obtain merchandises with better oil solubility and viscosity-improving belongingss. It besides have good compatibility with a big figure of refined and man-made basestocks.In a survey by Duncan and Turner ( 1997 ) , blends of lubricant basestocks with high viscousness complex alcoholic beverage esters were produced. The blend comprises of a poly hydroxyl group compound R ( OH ) N, a polybasic acid and a monohydric intoxicant. The complex intoxicant ester showed a pour point of less than or get even to -20AC and a viscousness in the scope about 100-700 Central Time at 40AC. The lubricating oil harmonizing to Duncan and Turner s innovation has first-class carnality as determined by engine public presentation, vane pump trial, Yamaha Tightening Test, and reduced valve lodging. Besides, it has good stableness as evidenced by the consequen ces of RBOT and Cincinnati Milacron trials. The lubricator has besides unexpected biodegradability as measured by Sturm trial ( Duncan et al. , 1997 ) .Hunt et Al. ( 1993 ) carried out supercritical fluid extraction to analyze liquid poly ( alklene ethanediol ) ( PAG ) lubricators and sorbitan ester preparations. The PAG matrix was adsorbed onto silicon oxide and the selectivity obtained by this method was compared with that obtained by the direct extraction of adsorbed and unadsorbed PAG. Extraction was besides done for unadsorbed PAG through the in-line column and it was successful in dividing additives from all but the lowest molecular mass PAG oligomers. This extraction process enabled fractional process of the merchandise and could be used as a sample readying proficiency for farther spectroscopic analysis.It is hard to bring forth polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions by traditional methods. Supercritical fluid engineering is applied to get the better of the conv entional methods. The solubilty parametric quantity of supercritical fluid can be tailored. Selective extraction and fractional process are possible from multi-component mixtures. The detect to doing high quality polymers is to guarantee precise control of molecular weight and polydispersity at high output while maintaining residuary contaminations below acceptable border degrees.Hernandez et. Al. ( 2005 ) tested the turn overing weariness of three polyglycols ( PAG-9, PAG-12 and BREOX-B-135X ) . Polyglycols ( besides called PAG or polyalkylene ethanediols ) are widely used in the lubrication industry. These compounds have really high viscousness indexes, really low pour points, a high thermic conduction with regard to mineral oils, hydrolytic stableness, etc. Rolling fatigue trials were carried out utilizing IP-300 criterion in order to obtain the word picture of the fluids. A four ball trial machine was used and 10 % life ( L10 ) and 50 % life ( L50 ) were obtained. The stress-t ime curves for L10 and L50 were besides determined. alone polyglycols were tested under boundary lubrication government ( I & lt 1 ) where in turn overing communicates the surface manner of failures prevails.In oils of the same household, the pressure-viscosity coefficient is comparatively changeless. An addition in viscousness improved the minimal mental picture thickness with the attendant addition of the I ratio. Fatigue life is mostly a map of the ratio of lubricating movie thickness to composite surface raggedness ( I ratio ) . Differences in I ratio for the three polyglycols resulted in different grimness interactions and turn overing contact weariness lives. With respect to turn overing contact weariness, the pick of viscousness category should avoid grimness interaction, so that the lone manner of failure will be subsurface failure. Although mean force per unit area in the contact was the same, increase in viscousness from PAG-9 to BREOX-B135X improved the I ratio from 0 .18 to 0.34. At less I & lt 1, operation is in the boundary lubrication government where turn overing contact fatigue life is short, but an addition of I ratio cut down the grimness interactions and hence rolled contact weariness improved.An probe was so carried put by Garcia and colleagues on PC-SAFT volumetric and stage behaviour of C dioxide + PAG or POE lubricant systems. The densenesss of man-made PAG oil was measured from 283.15 K to 333.15 K while the solubilities of CO2 in this oil was measured from 253 K to 333.15 K. Molecular weight of the lubricator was estimated utilizing fast atom barrage ( FAB ) . Molecular weight and experimental densenesss were used to cipher characteristic parametric quantities of PC-SAFT theoretical account for several commercial PAG oils. Movable characteristic parametric quantities were used for POEs.The thermophysical belongingss and phase behavior of CO2-lubricant oil mixtures is of import for the design of infrigidation and air-conditioning. The go arounding fluid comes into contact with the lubricator used in compressors and a part of the oil is transported into the infrigidation circuit with assorted effects in footings of public presentation. If the oil is non-miscible with the refrigerant, the compressor may be damaged due to hapless oil return to the compressor. Oil may roll up inside the hop up money changer tubings cut downing heat merchant vessels capablenesss, enthalpy alteration and turn up in an overall decrease of the infrigidation capacity and rhythm public presentation. In add-on, high solubility of the refrigerant in the lubricator may cut down the viscousness of the oil-rich stage and consequences in lower lubrication belongingss which gives rise to dislocation of the compressor mechanical parts.Hauk & A Weidner ( 2000 ) studied the thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic belongingss of C dioxide with different lubricators in chilling circuits for car application. The information of the binary mixture were measured at temperatures between 5 and 100 AC under force per unit area of up to 150 saloon. The stage behaviour was observed qualitatively in a hugh-pressure position cell and was determined in an sterilizer based on a static-analytical method. The viscousness of the lubricator saturated with C dioxide was measured with an integrated vitreous silica viscometer.The pertinence of lubricators in car-climatization systems can be evaluated with the cognition of stage behaviour and the resulting viscousness of gas-saturated lubricantsThe stage behaviour of oils with C dioxide can be divided into three different types which are binary systems with closed miscibility spreads, systems with unfastened miscibility spreads, and systems that show barotropic phenomena. Oils that show barotropic behaviour in contact with tight C dioxide are non recommended as lubricators. Oils with complete or limited miscibility with C dioxide may be used.Firdovsi & A Yagoub ( 2006 ) investigated the man-made h eat bearer oil composings based on polyalklene ethanediols. Thermal stableness, mass loss on vaporization at 250 AC, 350 AC and altering the specifications after heating at 300 AC for 10 Hs were besides studied. The prepared PAGs have been interpreted as basic constituents for heat bearer oil composings. It was discovered that the specifications of PAGs such as viscousness indices, pour points, acerb figure and brassy points changed dramatically upon heat handling. In order to better the thermic stableness and viscousness indices, anti-oxidant and anti-foaming additives were added to the base stuff to make optimal composings. The obtained heat bearer oils showed comparable improved belongingss in comparing with commercially available heat bearers.MethodologyThis undertaking will be divided into 2 phases as listed below. Poly ( glycerol-diacid ) polymer will be prepared by utilizing different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacids ( such as azelaic, succinic and adipic acid ) . The merchandises will be analysed in order to analyze their chemical and physical belongingss. chassis 1Chemical reactions of glycerin with different hydrocarbon concatenation length of diacid compounds ( e.g. azelaic, succinic or adipic acid ) at different mole ratios, are carried out under N2. The mixtures were charged to a reaction vas equipped with distillment setup. The reaction merchandise is allowed to respond at the coveted temperature and clip. Acid value ( AV ) , hydroxyl value ( OHV ) and glycerin content will be measured to keep the reaction advancement. Optimization of the reaction parametric quantities will be studied by changing different reaction parametric quantities such as type and sum of diacid, reaction clip, temperature and force per unit area. The concluding merchandise will be washed, dried and characterised.Phase 2The merchandises obtained will be analysed by utilizing both High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrome try ( GC-MS ) . Other instrumentality such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( FT-IR ) , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( NMR ) and Gel Permeation Chromatography ( GPC ) will besides be utilised to throw out corroborate their molecular construction. Physical belongingss of the merchandises obtained such as viscousness, solubility, brassy point, fire point, denseness, specific gravitation, biodegradability, and oxidative stableness will be performed.Expected consequencePolymers ensuing from the copolymerisation of glycerin with diacids of changing C concatenation length, molecular construction, and composing will be obtained. Structures holding more than two free acid functionalities at the end-terminals can happen merely after ramifying. As the clip of reaction returns, the viscousness increases which limits the interaction between the reactants and the turning polymers. The H2O solubilty of the oligomers decreases with increasing concatenation length of the diacid monomers of the diacid monomers used in fixing the oligomers. This glycerin based polymers are expected to possess broad scope of applications such as cosmetics and lubricators.

Ocean Carrier’s Case Essay

1) Do you expect mundane spot hire place to increase or decrease next year?According to the Case description, uncover 3 showed order booking and delivery schedule for bulk turtles for coming historic period from 2001 to 2004. It was larger than the number of underway fleet size in picture 2. Thus, the spot hire rates would likely to decrease since capsizes are available.2) What factors drive average daily hire rates?Daily hire rate were goaded by the supply and the demand. From Exhibit 2, the exist capsizes carriers in terms of the sum of the loading ability. Factors of supply such as age and size of vessel, cost of liven and maintenance as well as demand factor such as market condition would affect daily rates.3) How would you characterize the long-term prospects of the capsize dry bulk industry?According to Case description, availability of fleet in the market and availability of transports good drives average daily hire rates. The daily hire rates would increase if ore e xports from Australia and India starts in coming years. This would bring huge business trade. In absence of a new business, the average daily rates pull up s defers decrease because of increasing number of fleet (demand is decreasing).There are about 2 million tons of capsize with age over 24 years. We will hope that these old vessels would be soon scrapped and this would reduce the supply of the capsize vessels. However, those old vessels were not a significant part of the total existing vessels. So we probably will not see a result that an obviously decreasing in supply because of the scraping of old vessels. In Exhibit3, the current order of new capsize vessels delivered in the coming 4 years. There will be a large supply of new capsize vessels from 2001 to 2003. This will increase the supply of capsize vessel in the future.4) Evaluate the cost of the new capsize and forecast the expected cash flows.See OceanCariers4.xls5) Should Ms Linn bargain for the $39m capsize? Make 2 dif ferent assumptions. First, assume that Ocean Carriers is a US firm subject to 35% taxation. Second, assume that Ocean Carriers is located in Hong Kong, where owners of Hong Kong ships are notrequired to pay any tax on profitss made overseas and are also exempted from paying any tax on profit made on cargo uplifted from Hong Kong.See OceanCarrier5.xls6) What do you think of the companys policy of not operating ships over 15 years old?This is a low-risk policy of company this policy will save the company from uncertainty. At the same time, it will be not able to take advantage of returns on investment of vessels in the next years. This policy will not give a favorable outlook for investment.